Inactivity-induced skeletal muscle atrophy: a brief review

 

Scott K. Powers

Andreas N. Kavazis

Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology

University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA

 

Abstract

Skeletal muscle is an adaptable tissue that responds rapidly to both increased contractile activity and inactivity. For example, lengthy periods of skeletal muscle disuse (e.g., bed rest) result in a decline of muscle protein and muscular strength. Our understanding of the processes that contribute to disuse muscle atrophy has expanded markedly during the past two decades and this review will provide an overview of the mechanisms responsible for disuse-mediated muscle atrophy. The first segment of this review will outline the experimental models commonly used to investigate disuse muscle atrophy. The second section will discuss our current understanding of muscle proteases whereas the final sector will identify the role that reactive oxygen species play in inactivity-induced muscle atrophy. 

Key-words: redox, oxidants, antioxidants, proteasome, calpain, caspase-3, reactive oxygen species

 

RESUMO

Atrofia do músculo esquelético induzida pela inactividade: uma breve revisão

O músculo esquelético é um tecido adaptável respondendo quer ao aumento da actividade contráctil, quer à inactividade. Por exemplo, períodos prolongados de desuso resultam no declínio das proteínas e da força muscular. O entendimento acerca dos processos que contribuem para a atrofia muscular induzida pelo desuso aumentou notavelmente nas duas últimas décadas e a presente revisão providencia uma síntese dos mecanismos responsáveis pela atrofia muscular esquelética mediada pelo desuso. Numa primeira parte, a presente revisão foca-se nos modelos experimentais comummente usados na investigação da atrofia muscular esquelética induzida pelo desuso. Na segunda parte, discute-se o entendimento actual das próteases musculares enquanto na parte final identifica-se o papel das espécies reactivas de oxigénio na atrofia do músculo esquelético induzida pela inactividade.

Palavras-chave: redox, oxidantes, anti-oxidantes, proteasoma, calpaína, caspase-3, espécies reactivas de oxigénio

 

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Corresponding author

Scott K. Powers

Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology

PO Box 118225

University of Florida

Gainesville, Florida 32611