Menopausa, sintomas de menopausa e depressão: Influência do nível educacional e de outras variáveis sociodemográficas

 

Teresa Fagulha^[1]

Bruno Gonçalves^[2]

 

Resumo: Este estudo descreve a sintomatologia relacionada com a menopausa nos períodos pré­‑menopausa, menopausa e pós­‑menopausa, em relação com a sintomatologia depressiva, nível educacional, estatuto conjugal e outras variáveis socio­demográficas, numa amostra de 127 mulheres com idades compreendidas entre os 35 e os 65 anos, que compareceram a uma consulta com o médico de família num Centro de Saúde dos arredores de Lisboa. As mulheres responderam a um questionário com questões relativas ao estatuto percebido de menopausa e à presença de sintomas com ela relacionados, e participaram numa entrevista clínica estruturada adaptada do módulo de avaliação das perturbações do humor da Structured Clinical Interwiew for DSM­‑IV Axis I Disorders (SCID­‑I). Descreve­‑se a frequência da sintomatologia relacionada com a menopausa e analisa­‑se a sua variação em relação com o nível educacional e outras variáveis sociodemográficas. A relação entre o estatuto percebido de menopausa e a sintomatologia depressiva é também analisada, tomando em consideração o nível educacional.

Palavras­‑chave: menopausa, sintomas, depressão, nível educacional, estatuto conjugal.

 

Menopause, menopause symptoms and depression: The influence of educational level and other socio‑demografic variables

Abstract: This study is based on the data collected in an investigation regarding the Primary Health Care patients. The results relating to a sample of 127 women with ages ranging between 35 and 65 years of age are analyzed. All these women answered a Questionnaire concerning the perceived menopause status and the menopause symptomatology and participated in a structured clinical interview, in which the presence of various forms of depression according to the DSM‑IV criteria was analyzed. They also answered a questionnaire concerning the perceived menopause status as well as symptoms or alterations related with menopause. The frequency of the symptomatology related with menopause is studied and its variation in relation to the level of education, and other sociodemographic variables is analyzed. The relationship between the perceived menopause status and the depressive symptomatology is also studied, taking into consideration the level of education.

 

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Full text only available in PDF format.

 

Referências

Amann­‑Gainotti, M., & Menci, A. M. (1993). Vécus corporels du sujet féminin de l’adolescence à la ménopause. Psychologie Europe, 3 (2), 43­‑51.        [ Links ]

Amore, M., Di Donato, P., Papalini, A., Berta, A., Palareti, A., Ferrari, G., Chirico, C., & De Aloysio, D. (2003). Psychological status at the menopausal transition: An Italian epidemiological study.

Ballard, K. D., Kuh, D. J., & Wadsworth, M. E. J. (2001). The role of the menopause in women’s experiences of the ‘change of life’. Sociology of Health & Illness, 23 (4), 397­‑424.

Ballinger, C. B. (1989). Aspectos psiquiátricos da menopausa. Psiquiatria na Prática Médica, 2 (3), 19­‑24.

Becker, D., Lomranz J., Pines, A., Shmotkin, D., Nitza, E., BennAmitay, G., & Mester, R. (2001). Psychological distress around menopause. Psychosomatics, 42, 252­‑257.

Bosworth, H. B., Bastian, L. A., Kuchibhatla, M. N., Steffens, D. C., McBride, C. M., Skinner, C. S., Rimer, B. K., & Siegler, I. C. (2001). Depressive symptoms, menopausal status, and climacteric symptoms in women at midlife. Psychosomatic Medicine, 63, 603­‑608.

Bromberger, J. T., Meyer P. M., Howard M., Kravitz, D. O., Sommer, B., Cordal, A., Powell, L., Ganz, P. A., & Sutton­‑Tyrrel, K. (2001). Psychological distress and natural menopause: A multiethnic community study. Research, 91 (9), 1435­‑1442.

Bush, C. M., & Zonderman, A. B. (1994). Menopausal transition and psychological distress in a nationally representative sample: Is menopause associated with psychological stress? Journal of Ageing & Health, 6 (2), 209­‑229.

Cain, V. S., Johannes, C. B., Avis, N. E., Mohr, B., Skurnick, J., & Ory, M. (2003). Sexual functioning and practices in a multi­‑ethnic study of midlife women: Baseline results from SWAN. The Journal of Sex Research, 40 (3), 266­‑276.

Deutsch, H. (1967). La psychologie des femmes: Étude psychanalytique. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (1997). User’s guide for the structured clinical interview for DSM­‑IV axis I disorders – Clinician version (SCID­‑CV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

Freud, S. (1978). Types of onset on neurosis. The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sygmund Freud, Vol. XII (pp. 231­‑238). London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho­‑Analysis (Publicado originalmente em 1912).

Gannon, L., & Ekstrom, B. (1993). Attitudes towards menopause. The influence of sociocultural paradigms. Psychology of Women Quaterly, 17, 275­‑288.

Gonyea, J. G. (1998). Midlife and menopause: Uncharted territories for baby boomer women. Generations, 22 (1), 87­‑90.

Greendale, G. A., Lee, N. P., & Arriola, E. R. (1999). The menopause. The Lancet, 353 (13), 571­‑580.

Hunter, M. S. (1990). Psychological and somatic experience of menopause: a prospective study. Psychossomatic Medicine, 52 (3), 357­‑367.

Hunter, M., & O’Dea, I. (2001). Cognitive appraisal of the menopause: The menopause representations questionnaire (RRQ). Psychology, Health & Medicine, 6 (1), 65­‑76.

Huffman, S. B., & Myers, J. E. (1999). Counseling women in midlife: An integra­tive approach to menopause. Journal of Counselling & Development, 77, 258­‑266.

Hulka, B. S., & Meirik, O. (1996). Research on the menopause. Maturitas, 23, 109­‑112.

Idrissi el Ganouni, M. C. L. C. (2002). Sexualité feminine à la ménopause. Tese de doutoramento não publicada. Paris: Université Paris XIII Villetaneuse.

Im, E., & Meleis, A. I. (2000). Meanings of menopause to Korean immigrant women. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 22 (1), 84­‑102.

Kittel, L. A., Mansfield, P. K., & Voda, A. M. (1998). Keeping up appearances: The basic social process of the menopausal transition. Qualitative Health Research, 8 (5), 618­‑633.

Kurpius, S. E., Nicpon, M. F., & Maresh, S. E. (2001). Mood, marriage, and menopause. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48 (1), 77­‑84.

Laznik, M. C. (2003). O complexo de Jocasta. A feminilidade e a sexualidade sob o prisma da menopausa. Rio de Janeiro: Companhia de Freud.

Lee, K. H. (1997). Korean urban women’s experience of menopause: New life. Health Care for Women International, 18 (2), 19­‑29.

Lockely, M. (1991). Contested meanings of the menopause. Lancet, 337 (8752), 1270­‑1273.

Matthews, K. A., Wing, R. R., Kuller, L. H., Meilahn, E. N., Kelsey, S. F., Costello, E. J., & Caggiula, A. W. (1990). Influences of natural menopause on psychological characteristics and symptoms of middle­‑aged healthy women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58 (3), 345­‑351.

McGrath, E., Keita, G. P., Strickland, B. R., & Russo, N. F. (1995). Women and depression. Risk factors and treatment issues. Final Report of the American Psychological Association’s National Task Force on Women and Depression. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

McKinlay, S. M. (1996). The normal menopause transition: An overview. Maturitas, 23, 137­‑145.

McKinlay, J. B., McKinlay, S. M., & Brambilla, D. J. (1987). Health status and utilization behavior associated with menopause. American Journal of Epidemiology, 125, 110­‑121.

Mendell, D. (1988). A study of menopausal women in analytical treatment. In J. Offerman­‑Zuckerberg (Ed.), Critical passages in the life of a woman. A psychodynamic perspective. (pp. 185­‑197). Nova Iorque: Plenum Publishing Corporation.

Mingo, C., Herman, C. J., & Jasperse, M. (2000). Women’s stories: Ethnic variations in women’s attitudes and experiences of menopause, hysteroctomy, and hormone replacement therapy. Journal of Women’s Health & Gender­‑Base Medicine, 9 (2), 27­‑38.

Northrup, C. (2000). Corpo de mulher, sabedoria de mulher. Lisboa: Sinais de Fogo.

Polit, D. F. & LaRocco, S. A. (1980). Social and psychological correlates of meno­pausal symptoms. Psychosomatic Medicine, 42 (3), 335­‑345.

Rostosky, S. S., & Travis, C. B. (1996). Menopause research and the dominance of the biomedical model 1984­‑1994. Psychology of Women Quaterly, 20, 285­‑312.

Sampselle, C. M., Harris, V., Harlow, S. D., & Sowers, M. F. (2002). Midlife development and menopause in African American and Caucasian women. Health Care for Women International, 23, 351­‑363.

Sheehy, G. (1994). The silent passage. Menopause. London: Harper Collins.

Stephens, C. (2001). Women’s experience at the time of menopause: Accounting for biological, cultural and psychological embodiment. Journal of Health Psychology, 6 (6), 651­‑663.

 

^[1]  Professora Associada da Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação da Universidade de Lisboa. Centro de Psicologia Clínica e Experimental da Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia. E‑mail: tfagulha@fpce.ul.pt

^[2]  Professor Associado da Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação da Universidade de Lisboa. Centro de Psicologia Clínica e Experimental da Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia.