Chem. Dept. Faculty of Appl. Sci., Umm Al-qura University, Makkah Al-Mukaramha, Saudi Arabia.

Abstract

The influence of water-soluble alginates (Alg) and pectates (Pect) anionic polyelectrolytes as natural polymers containing secondary alcoholic groups on the rate of dissolution of aluminum metal in alkaline medium has been investigated by gasometric and weight-loss techniques. The results showed that addition of alginates or pectates to the tested solutions leads to a remarkable decrease in the corrosion rate of Al in NaOH. The magnitude of inhibition efficiency was found to be larger in case of pectates. Factors affecting the corrosion process such as the concentration of the inhibitor and the corrosion medium, structure of the inhibitor and temperature have been examined. The kinetic parameters of corrosion have been evaluated and a suitable mechanism for the inhibition is discussed.

Keywords: corrosion, inhibitors, anionic, polyelectrolytes, aluminum, kinetics.

Introduction

The development of inhibitors for aluminum corrosion in aqueous solution, in particularly in alkaline media has attracted many investigators. However, the influence of inhibitors has been the subject of numerous investigators; the corrosion mechanisms as well as the role of inhibitors are not completely explained.

Although many organic [1-7], inorganic [8,9] and synthesized polymeric [10,11] compounds were applied as inhibitors for reducing the aluminum corrosion in alkaline media, little attention has been focused for applying natural polymers as inhibitors [12]. Indeed, sulfated carrageenan [13,14] and carboxymethyl cellulose [15,16] as natural polymers as well as polyacrylic acid [17] as a synthetic polymer have been successfully used as inhibitors for corrosion of iron in acidic media.

In view of the above aspects, the present work of using alginate and pectate polysaccharides as natural polymeric inhibitors for Al metal in NaOH has been undertaken with a view at shedding some lights on the mechanism of corrosion. In addition, it is of interest to extend our work carried out in our laboratory on natural polymers, particularly on polysaccharides, as a part of a series of investigations [18-23].

Experimental

Materials

All materials used were of analytical grade. Doubly distilled water was used in all preparations. The temperature was controlled within ± 0.1 °C. Sodium alginate and sodium pectate (Fluka) were used without further purification. Aluminum metal used was 99.98 purity (Ventron Corp, Japan). The degrees of substitution for alginates and pectates (apple) were found to be 3.84 and 4.12 mol/g (0.7 and 0.64 mol/mol), respectively. Again, the inherent viscosities measured by using Ubbelhode viscometer were found to be 3.84 and 0.8 dL/g for alginates and pectates, respectively.

Preparation of alginate and pectate sols

Alginate and pectate sols were prepared as described elsewhere [18-22]. This process was performed by stepwise addition of the powder reagent to bidistilled water whilst vigorously stirring the solutions to avoid the formation of lumpy precipitates, which swell with difficulty.

Techniques of measurements

The rates of corrosion were determined volumetrically. This process takes place by measuring the evolved hydrogen produced from dissolution of aluminum in NaOH. Rectangular specimen of metal aluminum of 3 cm long and 1.9 cm in diameter were used without further polishing to ensure reproducible surface. However, they were washed with carbon tetrachloride, absolute ethyl alcohol and then dried in acetone and stored in free desiccators prior to the use in corrosion testing. The specimens were suspended by means of a glass hook in the tested solutions of NaOH which were previously placed into a conical flask fitted with a graded side-arm burette filled with bidistilled water as described elsewhere [17,24, 25]. The conical flasks were thermostated in a controlled water-bath at the desired temperature within ±0.1 °C. When the NaOH solution had attained the temperature of the thermostat, the Al specimen was immersed into the alkali solution. The course of reaction was followed gasometrically by recording the volume of evolved hydrogen as a function of time.

Some kinetic measurements were performed using the classical weight-loss method [25] in order to check the reproducibility of the gasometric data obtained. The analyses of the results obtained were found to be in a good agreement with each other within the experimental errors (±4%). This fact may indicate the reproducibility of the results obtained, gasometrically.

All experiments were repeated using different concentrations of NaOH and inhibitors at various temperatures. The results used were at least an average of five experimental runs. No stirring of the corrosion medium was employed.

Results

where R_c is the rate of corrosion, S is the surface area of Al metal (cm²), t is the time (min), V_H is the volume of evolved hydrogen (mL) and ΔW is the loss in mass (mg) of Al metal into the corrosive medium.

The percentage inhibition efficiency (I.E %) of the selected alginate and pectate polysaccharides as natural polymeric inhibitors was calculated using the following equation

where R_c^o and R_c^' are the corrosion rates of Al metal in the absence and presence of natural polymeric inhibitors, respectively.

Discussion

It is well known that increasing the [OH^-] will increase the activity of OH^- [26] and, hence, should increase the dissolution of Al metal as was experimentally observed. The observed fractional-order for [OH^-]-dependence of the corrosion rates means that at least one of the corrosion paths of Al metal in NaOH should involve hydroxide ion in the rate-determining step.

On the other hand, it was observed that the addition of either alginate or pectate sol to the tested solutions of Al metal in NaOH is accompanied by a remarkable decrease in the corrosion rate of aluminum.

The overall electroochemical process is

Alginates and pectates are water-soluble polysaccharides of linear block copolymer structures consisting of D-mannuronic and L-gulurunic acid units linked through β(1 → 4) positions [28]. The principal structural difference between them is the position of the two C-2 and C-3 hydroxyl groups being cis- position in alginates and trans-position in pectates, respectively. When the conformation is considered, axial-equatorial and equatorial-equatorial exist. These natural polymers are anionic in nature owing to the presence of carboxylate groups. The carboxylate groups probably being equatorial in both [29]. These polysaccharides are assumed to be deprotonated in alkaline solutions to give the corresponding reactive alkoxides [18,20] as follows:

It has been reported [30] that the inhibitor can affect the corrosion rate of metals in the corrosive media if it is able to affect the kinetics of dissolution or alter the position of electrochemical behaviour. This effect takes place when a thin film of an inhibitor is formed on the surface of the metal by either the interaction or adsorption processes. The protective film will isolate the metal from the corrosive medium, i.e. it decreases the corrosion rate. Under the influence of highly negative potentials such as in case of Al metal in alkaline solutions [3035], all anionic organic compounds are expelled by the electric double layer and, hence, cannot affect the corrosion rate significantly. On the other hand, the cationic material strongly inhibits the corrosion processes owing to its adsorption on the metal surface.

The magnitude of the I.E was found to be larger in case of pectates rather than in alginates. The inhibition efficiency may be affected by many factors such as the adsorption of the additives on Al metal surface which depend on some physicochemical properties, e.g., the functional groups, steric factors and electronic and geometrical configurations of the inhibitor [13,14]. The geometrical structure of the hydroxyl groups in C-2 and C-3 may play an important role in this behavior. The presence of OH groups in cis-position in alginates tends to decrease the ability of adsorption of the inhibitors on Al metal surface owing to the hindrance effect, compared with that in case of pectates where the OH groups exist in the trans-position. Here, the hindrance effect is relatively small. This may explain the small inhibition effects of alginates compared to that of pectates.

The positive values of ΔH^# reflect the endothermic process of adsorption of the inhibitors on Al surface. The negative values of ΔS^# may reflect the association mechanism of corrosion, i.e., the decrease in disorderly takes place on going from reactants to the activated states [13].

It is also noticed that addition of small amounts of the inhibitor to the tested solutions alters the values of ΔS^# (in absence of inhibitors) to a less negative one, i.e., inhibits the corrosion rates. This result may be considered as an indirect evidence to support the proposed mechanism.

Conclusion