Contextos comunitários favoráveis ao bem-estar

Marybeth Shinn (**)

RESUMO

Este trabalho focaliza-se na "minimização dos erros contextuais" que significa a tendência para se ignorar a influência das zonas de residência e dos contextos comunitários nos comportamentos humanos. Este erro tem implicações na compreensão dos processos psicológicos e nas acções orientadas para a mudança social. Descreve-se um conjunto de modelos teóricos que explicam como as zonas de residência e os contextos comunitários estão associados a vários aspectos do bem-estar humano enfatizando as ligações entre os contextos e a saúde, o stress, os comportamentos de risco, as atitudes e o desenvolvimento infantil. Sugere-se assim, que muitos processos psicológicos podem verificar-se de forma diferenciada consoante os contextos e que os factores contextuais interferem nas características sócio-culturais dos indivíduos. As pessoas, por seu lado, podem modificar os contextos comunitários e a compreensão mais aprofundada dos efeitos dos contextos tudo dependendo de abordagens mais sofisticadas para os avaliar.

Palavras-chave: Vizinhança, contextos, ecologia social, risco.

 

ABSTRACT

This chapter identifies "context minimization error" as the tendency to ignore the impact of enduring neighbourhood and community contexts on human behaviour. The error has adverse consequences for understanding psychological processes and efforts at social change. The chapter describes a series of theoretical models of how neighbourhoods and community settings are associated with various aspects of human welfare and reviews evidence of associations of context with health, psychological distress, risk behaviours, psychological attitudes, and child development. It suggests that many psychological processes may play out differently in different contexts and that contextual factors interact with socio-cultural characteristics of individuals in predicting outcomes. People, in turn, can shape community contexts. A more sophisticated understanding of the effects of contexts depends on more sophisticated approaches to assessing them.

Key words: Neighbourhood, setting, social ecology, risk.

 

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(**) Department of Psychology, New York University, 6 Washington Place, Room 275, New York, NY 10003, USA.

E-mail: beth.shinn@nyu.edu