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Análise Psicológica

 ISSN 0870-8231

     

 

Além de Piaget? Sim, mas Primeiro Além da Sua Interpretação Padrão!

 

Orlando Lourenço (*)

 

RESUMO

A teoria de Piaget tem sido sujeita ao que pode ser chamada a sua interpretação padrão. Embora tornada possível pela ambiguidade de Piaget em relação a alguns dos seus conceitos centrais (e.g., estádio e estrutura), essa interpretação deve-se em grande parte ao seu foco sobre a teoria de estádios estruturais de Piaget em detrimento da sua teoria de equilibração, e à sua ênfase em investigações factuais em detrimento das conceptuais. Neste estudo eu mostro que é possível e importante ir além da interpretação padrão de Piaget, e reinterpretar ou estender a teoria de Piaget na base da epistemologia construtivista que a informa. Argumento que quando se vai além da interpretação padrão, então na teoria de Piaget (1) são os comportamentos, não as pessoas, que estão em estádios; (2) a idade é um indicador, não um critério de desenvolvimento; (3) é a necessidade lógica, não a verdade, que é a questão central da psicogénese; (4) a construção do conhecimento não é uma tarefa individual, mas social; (5) as estruturas de conjunto são critérios formais mais do que entidades funcionais; (6) não há apenas um, mas múltiplos percursos desenvolvimentistas; (7) o que os sujeitos fazem ao raciocinar não é seguir regras lógicas, mas agir e operar; e (8) conteúdo e significado, não apenas forma e estrutura, desempenham um papel central na compreensão operatória. Defendo também que quando se vai além da interpretação padrão da teoria de Piaget, muitas das críticas que lhe têm sido dirigidas perdem muito do seu conteúdo empírico ou razão de ser, e descobre-se que os problemas levantados pela teoria são relativamente diferentes dos que apareceram em primeiro lugar.

Palavras-chave: Teoria de Piaget, desenvolvimento, construção.

 

ABSTRACT

Piaget's theory has been subject to what may be called its standard interpretation. Although made possible by Piaget's ambiguity about some of his key concepts (e.g., stage and structure), such an interpretation is greatly due to its focus on Piaget's structural-stage theory at the expense of his equilibration theory, and also to its emphasis on factual investigations at the cost of conceptual investigations. In this paper, I show that it is possible and important to go beyond the standard reading of Piaget's theory, and to extend or reinterpret it on the basis of the constructivist epistemology that lies at the heart of his work. I argue that when one goes beyond the standard reading of Piaget, then in his theory (1) people are not at stages, performances are; (2) age is an indicator, not a criterion, of development; (3) logical necessity, not truth, is the central question of psychogenesis; (4) structures-of-the-whole are formal, not functional, entities; (5) the construction of knowledge is not a solitary, but a social enterprise; (6) there are multiple, not one, developmental pathways; (7) while reasoning, subjects do not follow logical rules, but act and operate upon reality; and (8) meaning and content, not only form and structure, play a central role in operational understanding and development. I also claim that when one goes beyond the standard interpretation of Piaget, most of the criticisms against his theory partly lose their empirical content and «raison d'être», and one discovers that the problems are somewhat different than they appeared at first.

Key words: Piaget´s Theory, development, construction

 

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(*) Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade de Lisboa, Alameda da Universidade, 1600 Lisboa, E-mail: Orlando@fc.ul.pt

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