Maternidade na adolescência: Contributos para uma abordagem desenvolvimental

 

Isabel Soares (*)

Inês Jongenelen (**)

 

 

RESUMO

As autoras começam por rever a investigação empírica acerca da maternidade na adolescência, especificamente as questões de natureza parental, tradicionalmente centradas na comparação das mães adolescentes e adultas. São analisadas algumas das limitações que emergem deste tipo de investigação, salientando-se a necessidade de focalizar a atenção na variabilidade existente no seio do grupo das mães adolescentes e discutindo-se, em seguida, a inexistência de um quadro conceptual que organize os resultados produzidos pela investigação. Neste âmbito, é apresentado o contributo e as implicações no plano conceptual da abordagem desenvolvimental, para a compreensão desta variabilidade intra-grupo. Em seguida, discute-se a necessidade de perspectivar o fenómeno da maternidade adolescente como um processo de interacção social, apresentando-se para tal uma adaptação do modelo de Schellenbach, Whitman e Borkowski (1992). Por último, discute-se o impacto do apoio social nas suas múltiplas facetas ao nível da maternidade adolescente.

Palavras-chave: Maternidade, adolescência, perspectiva desenvolvimental, apoio social.

 

 

ABSTRACT

The authors review the empirical research on adolescent parenting, traditionally focused on the comparison between adolescent and adult mothers. Some limitations of this kind of research are analysed, pointing out the need to focus on the intra-goup variability of adolescent mothers and the absence of a conceptual framework integrating the empirical results. Within this framework, the contributions and conceptual implications of the developmental perspective to the understanding of the intra-group variability are presented. Afterwards, the need to conceive adolescent motherhood as a social interaction process is discussed, and an adaptation of the Schellenbach, Whitman and Borkowski (1992) model of adolescent parenting is presented. Finally, the role of social support in adolescent motherhood is analysed in its different aspects.

Key words: Motherhood, adolescence, developmental perspective, social support.

 

 

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Full text only available in PDF format.

 

 

REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS

Barth, R., Schinke, S., & Maxwell, J. (1983). Psychological correlates of teenage motherhood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 12, 471-487.         [ Links ]

Barratt, M., & Roach, M. (1995). Early interactve processes: Parenting by adolescent and adult single mothers. Infant Behavior and Development, 18, 97-109.

Barrera, M. (1981). Social support in the ajustment of pregnant adolescents: Assessment issues. In B. H. Gottlieb (Ed.), Social networks and social support (pp. 69-96). Beverly Hills: Sage.

Belsky, J. (1984). The determinants of parenting: A process model. Child Development, 55, 83-96.

Benn, R., & Slatz, E. (1989). The effect of grandmother support on teen parenting and infant attachment patterns within the family. Comunicação apresentada no Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Develpoment, Kansas City.

Bernardi, R., Schwartzman, L., Canetti, A., & Cerutti, A. (1992). Adolescent maternity: A risk factor inpoverty situations? Infant Mental Health Journal, 13 (3), 211-218.

Brooks-Gunn, J., & Furstenberg, F. (1986). Antecedents and consequences of parenting: The case of adolescent motherhood. In F. Fogel, & G. Melson (Eds.), Origins of nurturance: Developmental, biological, and cultural perspectives on caregiving (pp. 233-258). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Brooks-Gunn, J., & Chase-Lansdale, P. (1991). Children having children: Effects on the family system. Pediatric Annals, 20 (9), 470-481.

Brooman, S. (1981). Long-term development of children born to teenagers. In K. Scott, T. Field, & E. Roberstson (Eds.), Teenage parents and their offspring (pp.195-224). New York: Grune & Stratton.

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: experiments by nature and design. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Buchholz, E., & Gol, B. (1986). More than playing house: A developmental perspective on the strengths in teenage motherhood. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 56 (3), 347-359.

Burton, L. (1990). Teenage bearing as an alternative life-course strategy in multigenerational black families. Human Nature, 1 (2), 123-143.

Card, J., & Wise, L. (1981). Teenage mothers and teenage fathers: The impact of early childbearing on the parents' personal and professional lives. In F. Furstenberg, R. Lincoln, & J. Menken (Eds.), Teenage sexuality, pregnancy and childbearing (pp. 211-222). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.

Carlson, E. (1990). Individual differences in quality of attachment organization of high risk adolescent mothers. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Columbia University.

Cichetti, D. (1993). Developmental psychopathology: Reactions, reflections projections. Developmental Review, 13, 471-502.

Colleta, N. (1981). Social support and the risk of maternal rejection by adolescent mothers. Journal of Psychology, 109, 191-197.

Crockenberg, S. (1987). Predictors and correlates af anger toward and punitive control of toddlers by adolescent mothers. Child Development, 58, 969-975.

Crockenberg, S. (1988). Social support and parenting. In H. E. Fitzgerald, B.M. Lester, & M. Yogman (Eds.), Theory and research in behavioral pediatrics (pp. 141-174). New York: Plenum.

Culp, R., Applebaum, M., Osofsky, J., & Levy, J. (1988). Adolescent and older mothers: Comparison between prenatal maternal variables and newborn interaction measures. Infant Behavior and Development, 11, 353-362.

Culp, R., Culp, A. Osofsky, J., & Osofsky, H. (1991). Adolescent and older mothers's interaction patterns with their six-month-old infants. Journal of Adolescence, 14, 195-200.

Darabi, K., Graham, E., Namerow, P., Philliber, S., & Varga, P. (1984). The effect of maternal age on the well-being of children. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 46, 933-936.

DeAnda, D., Darroch, P, Davinson, M., & Gilly, J. (1992). Stress and coping among pregnant adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7 (1), 94-109.

Delissevoy, V. (1973). Chid care by adolescent parents. Children Today, 2, 22-25.

Elster, A., McAnarney, E., & Lamb, M. (1983). Parental behavior of adolescent mothers. Pediatrics, 71, 494-503.

Epstein, A. (1979). Pregnant teenager's knowledge of infant development. Comunicação apresentada no Biennal Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, San Francisco.

Field, T. (1980). Interactions of preterm and term infants with their lower- and middle-class teenage and adult mothers. In T. Field, S. Goldberg, D. Stern, & A Sostek (Eds.), High risk infants and children: Adult and peer interactons. New York: Academic Press.

Field, T., Widmayer, S., Stringer, S., & Ignatoff, E. (1980). Teenage, lower-class, black mothers and their preterm infants: An intervention and developmental follow-up. Child Development, 51, 426-436.

Frodi, A., Keller, B., Foye, H., Liptak, G., Bridges, L., Grolnick, W., Berko., J., McAnarney, E., & Lawrence, R. (1984). Determinants of attachment and mastery motivation in infants born to adolescent mothers. Infant Mental Health Journal, 5, 15-23.

Furstenberg, F., & Crawford, A. (1978). Family support: Helping teenage mothers to cope. Family Planning Perspectives, 10, 322-333.

Furstenberg, F., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Morgan, S. (1987). Adolescent mothers in later life. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Furstenberg, F., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Chase-Lansdale, J. (1989). Teenage pregnancy and childbearing. American Psychologist, 44 (2), 313-320.

Garbarino, J. (1982). Children and families in the social environment. New York: Aldine.

Garcia Coll, C., Hoffman, J., & Oh, W. (1987). The social ecology and early parenting of caucasian adolescent mothes. Child Development, 58, 955-963.

Gomes-Pedro, J., Lacerda, N., Lobo-Fernandes, M. J., Gouveia, R., & Oliveira e Silva, M. (1986). The behaviour of the newborn infants of adolescent mothers. In J. Gomes-Pedro (Ed.), Biopsychology of early parent-infant commuincation: International Symposium (pp. 99-103). Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian.

Granger, C. (1981). Young adolescents' knowledge of child development. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University.

Gullo, D. (1987). A comparative study od adolescent and older mothers' knowledge of infant abilities. Comunicação apresentada no Biennal Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Baltimore MD.

Helm, J., Comfort, M., Bailey, D., & Simmeonsson, R. (1990). Adolescent and adult mothers of handicapped children: Maternal involvement in play. Family Relations, 39, 432-437.

Hofferth, S. (1987). The children of teen childbearers. In S. L. Hofferth, & C. D. Hayes (Eds.), Risfing the future: Adolescent sexuality, pregnancy, and childbearing. Washington DC: National Academy Press.

Jones, F., Green, V., & Krauss, D. (1980). Maternal responsiveness of primiparous mothers during the postpartum period: Age differences. Pediatrics, 65, 579-584.

Kemp, V., Sibley, D., & Pond, E. (1990). A comparison of adolescent and adult mothers on factors affecting maternal role attainment. Maternal Child Nursing Journal, 19 (1), 579-584.

Khan, R., & Antonucci, T. (1980). Convoys over the life course: Attachment, roles and social support. In P. B. Baltes & O. Brim (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior (pp. 253-286). Boston: Lexington Press.

Kissman, K., & Shapiro, J. (1990). The composites of social support and self-being among adolescent mothers. International Journal of Adolescence Youth, 2, 165-173.

Kneisel, P. (1987). Social support preferences of feemale adolescents in the context of interpersonal stress. Comunicação apresentada no Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Baltimore.

Lamb, M. (1988). The ecology of adolescent pregnancy and parenthood. In A. R. Pence (Ed.), Ecological research with children and their families: From concepts to methodology (pp. 99-121). New York: Teachers College Press.

Landy, S., Montgomery, J., Schubert, J., Cleland, J., & Clark, C. (1983). Mother-infant interaction of teenage mothers and the effect of experience in the observational sessions on the development of their infants. Early Child Development and Care, 10, 165-186.

Leadbeater, B., & Bishop, S. (1994). Predictors of behavior problems in preschool children in inner-city Afro-American and Puerto Rican adolescent mothers. Child Development, 65 (2), 638-648.

LeResche, L., Strobino, D., Parkes, P., Fischer, P., & Smeriglio, V. (1983). The relationship of observed maternal behavior to questionnaire measures of parenting knowledge, attitudes, and emotional state in adolescent mothers. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 12 (1), 19-31.

Lester, B., Garcia-Coll, C., & Sepkoski, C. (1983). A cross-cultural study of teenage pregnancy and neonatal behavior. In T. Field, & A. Sostek (Eds.), Infant born at risk: psysiological, perceptual, and cognitive processes (pp. 147-169). New York: Grune & Stratton.

Luster, T., & Mittelstaedt, M. (1993). Adolescent mothers. In T. Luster, & L. Okagaki (Eds.), Parenting: An ecological perspective (pp. 69-99). Hills-dale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

Luster, T., & Rhoades, K. (1989). The relation between chid rearing beliefs and the home environment in a sample of adolescent mothers. Family Relations, 38, 317-322.

McLanahan, S, & Booth, K. (1989). Mother-only families: Problems, prospects and politcs. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 51, 557-580.

McLaughlin, S., & Micklin, M. (1983). The timing of first birth and changes in personaol efficacy. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 45, 47-55.

McLoyd, V. (1990). The impact of economic hardish on black families and children: Psychological distress, parenting, and socioemotional development. Child Development, 61, 311-346.

Nath, P, Borkowski, J., Whitman, T., & Schellenbach, C. (1991). Understanding adolescent parenting:The dimensions and functions of social support. Family Relations, 40, 411-419.

Oppel, W., & Royston, A. (1971). Teen-age biths: Some social, psychological, and physical sequelea. American Journal of Public Health, 61 (4), 751-756.

Osofsky, J., Hann, D., & Peebles, C. (1993). Adolescent parenthod: Risks and opportunities for Mothers and Infants. In C. H. Zeanhar (Ed.), Handbook of infant mental health (pp. 106-119). New York: The Guidford Press.

Panzarine, S. (1986). Stressors, coping and social supports of adolescent mothers. Journal of Adolescence Health Care, 7, 153-161.

Philliber, S., & Graham, E. (1981). The impact of age of mother on mother-child interaction patterns. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 43, 109-115.

Pond, E., & Kemp, V. (1992). A comparison between adolescent and adult women on prenatal anxiety and self-confidence. Maternal Child Nursing Journal, 20 (1), 11-20.

Raelf, C. (1994). Viewing adolescent mothers on their own terms: Linking self-conceptualization and adolescent motherhood. Developmental Review, 14, 215-244.

Ragozin, A., Basham, R., Crnic, K., Greenberg, M., & Robinson, N. (1982). Effects of maternal age on parenting role. Developmental Psychology, 18, 627-634.

Reis, J. (1988). Child-rearing expectations and developmental knowledge according to maternal age and parity. Infant Mental Health Journal, 9 (4), 287-304.

Reis, J., & Herz, E. (1987). Correlates of adolescent parenting. Adolescence, 22 (87), 599-609.

Richardson, R., Barbour, N., Bubenizer, D. (1991). Bitter-sweets connections: Informal social networks as sources of suppot and interference for adolescent mothers. Family Relations, 40, 430-434.

Roosa, M. (1983). A comparative study of pregnant teenagers' parenting attiutudes and knowledge of sexuality and child development. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 12, 213-223.

Roosa, M., Fitzgerald, H., & Carlson, N. (1982). Teenage and older mothers and their infants: A descriptive comparasion. Adolescence, 17, 1-17.

Rothenberg, P., & Varga, P. (1981). The relationship between age of mother and child health and development. American Journal of Public Health, 71, 810-817.

Russell, C. (1980).Unscheduled parenthood: Transitions to «parent» for the teenager. Journal of Social Issues, 336, 45-63.

Sameroff, A, & Chandler, M. (1975). Reproductive risk and the continuum of caretaking casualty. In F. D. Horowitz, M. Hethrington, S. Scarr-Salapatek, & G. Siegel (Eds.), Review of child developmental research (pp. 187-244). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Sameroff, A, & Fiese, B. (1990). Transaction regulation and early intervention. In S. J. Meisels, & J. P. Shonkoff (Eds.), Handbook of early childhood intervention (pp. 119-149). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Samuels, V., Stockdale, D., & Crase, S. (1994). Adolescent mothers' adjustment to parenting. Journal of Adolescence, 17 (5), 427-443.

Schellenbach, C., Whitman, T., & Borkowski, J. (1992). Toward an integrative model of adolescent parenting. Human Development, 35, 81-99.

Schilmoeller, G., & Baranowski, M. (1985). Chidrearing of firstborns by adolescent and older mothers. Adolescence, 20, 805-822.

Shapiro, J., & Mangelsdorf, S. (1994). The determinants of parenting competence in adolescent mothers. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 23 (6), 621-641.

Spieker, S., & Bensley, L. (1994). Roles of living arrangements and grandmother social support in adolescent mothering and infant attachment. Developmental Psychology, 30, 102-111.

Sroufe, A. (1989). Pathways to adaptation and maladaptation: Psychopathology as developmental deviation. In D. Cichetti (Ed.), The emergence of a discipline: Rochester Symposium on Developmental Psychopathology (pp. 13-40). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Stevens, J. (1984). Black grandmothers' and black adolescent mothers' knowledge about parenting. Development Psychology, 20, 1017-1025.

Stevenson, M., & Roach, M. (1988).Mother-infant communication at 12 month: Adolescent and adult single mothers. Comunicação apresentada na International Conference on Infant Studies, Washington DC.

Stoiber, K., & Houghton, T. (1993). The relationship of adolescent mothers expectations, knowledge, and beliefs to their young children's coping behavior. Infant Mental Health Journal, 14 (1), 61-79.

Unger, D., & Cooley, M. (1992). Partner and grandmother contact in black and white teen parent families. Journal of Adolescence Health, 13, 546-552.

Unger, D., & Wandersman, L. (1985). Social support and adolescent mothers: Action research contributions to theory and application. Journal of Social Issues, 41 (1), 29-45.

Voigh, J., Hans, S., & Bernstein, V. (1996). Support networks of adolescent mothers: Effects on parenting experience and behavior. Infant Mental Health Journal, 17 (1), 58-73.

Vukelich, C., & Kliman, D. (1985). Mature and teenage mothers' infant growth expectations and use of child development informations sources. Family Relations, 34, 189-196.

Wadsworth, J., Taylor, B., Osborn, A., & Butler, N. (1984). Teenage mothering: Child Development at five years. Journal of Child Psychology, 25, 305-313.

Ward, M., & Carson, E. (1995). Associations among adult attachment representations, maternal sensitivity, and infant-mother attachment in a sample of adolescent mothers. Child Development, 66 (1), 69-79.

Ward, M., Plunkett, S., Galantowicz, B., DeMuralt, M., Olthoff, V., Weisman, J., & Kessler, D. (1988). Adolescent mothers and their infants: Caregiving, infant behavior, and development. Comunicação apresentada na International Conference on Infant Studies, Washington DC.

Willams, T. (1974). Childrearing practices of young mothers and their infants: Psychological factors in early attachment and interaction. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 50, 454-468.

Zuckerman, B., Hingson, R., Alpert, J., Dooling, E., Kayne, H., Morelock, S., & Oppenheimer, E. (1983). Is adolescent pregnancy a risk factor? Pediatrics, 71, 489-493.

 

(*) Psicóloga. Universidade do Minho, Departamento de Psicologia, Instituto de Educação e Psicologia, Campus de Gualtar, 4700 Braga, e-mail: isoares@iep.uminho.pt

(**) Psicóloga. Universidade do Minho, Departamento de Psicologia, Instituto de Educação e Psicologia, Campus de Gualtar, 4700 Braga, e-mail: ijongenelen@iep.uminho.pt