Modelos de Propagação de Fogos Florestais: Estado-da-Arte para Utilizadores

Parte II: Modelos Globais e Sistemas Informáticos

 

Jorge C. S. André*, Domingos X. Viegas**

*Professor Auxiliar

**Professor Catedrático

Universidade de Coimbra. Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030 COIMBRA

 

Sumário. Este artigo, que pela sua extensão foi subdividido em duas partes, dirige-se prioritariamente a utilizadores de modelos de propagação de fogos florestais. Visa proporcionar-lhes uma visão panorâmica actualizada do estado dos conhecimentos nesta área, propondo uma classificação geral para os modelos existentes e expondo, em termos simples, para alguns modelos ilustrativos de cada classe: os princípios físicos e a estratégia de modelação que lhes estão subjacentes; os seus parâmetros de entrada e saída; as suas limitações de aplicação, a fiabilidade das suas previsões e as suas perspectivas de desenvolvimento futuro. Na parte II do artigo, apresentam-se os modelos que fazem previsões para toda a linha da frente, divididos em físicos incompletos e completos. Finalmente, abordam-se os sistemas informáticos implementando alguns dos modelos de propagação existentes. (A Parte I do artigo, está publicada em ANDRÉ e VIEGAS, 2001).

Palavras-chave: modelos semi-empíricos; modelos físicos; modelos globais; sistemas informáticos

 

Abstract. This paper, which was subdivided into two parts because of its length, is aimed at users of forest fire propagation models. Our purpose is to provide an overall view of the state-of-the-art of the subject; we propose a general classification for the existing models and describe, in simple terms, typical models in each class: the underlying physical principles and modelling strategy; the input and output parameters; the limits of application, the reliability of the predictions and the perspectives for future development. In this Part II of the paper, the models that predict the behaviour of the whole fire front are presented, divided, respectively, into physical incomplete and complete models. Finally, the software systems implementing some of the existing fire propagation models are reviewed. (The Part I of the paper, was published in ANDRÉ e VIEGAS, 2001).

Key words: semi-empirical models; physical models; global models; software systems

 

Résumé. Cet article, qui a été sous divisé en deux parties à cause de son extension, est dirigé prioritairement aux utilisateurs des modèles de propagations de feux de forêts. Il s'agit de leurs procurer une vision panoramique de l'état présent des connaissances dans ce domaine, en proposant une classification générale pour les modèles existants, et en présentant, en termes simples, pour quelques modèles illustratifs de chaque classe, les principes physiques et la stratégie de modélisation sur lesquelles ils se basent; les paramètres d'entrée et de sortie; les limites d'application, la fiabilité de prédiction et les perspectives de développement futur. Dans cette Partie II de l'article, on présente les modèles qui font des prévisions pour tout le front du feu, sous divisés en modèles physiques incomplets et complets. Finalement, on introduit les systèmes informatiques qui abordent quelques modèles de propagation existants. (La Partie I de l'article, est publié dans ANDRÉ e VIEGAS, 2001).

Mots-clés: modèles semi-empiriques; modèles physiques; modèles globaux; systèmes informatiques

 

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Full text only available in PDF format.

 

Bibliografia

Anderson, D., Catchpole, E., De Mestre, N., Parkes, T., 1982. Modelling the spread of grass fires. Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society, Series B, 23 : 451-466.        [ Links ]

Anderson, H.E., 1982. Aids to determining fuel models for estimating fire behaviour. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-122.        [ Links ]

André, J.C.S., 1996. A theory on the propagation of surface forest fire fronts. PhD. Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra. 330 pp..        [ Links ]

André, J.C.S., Viegas, D.X., 1998a. Modelling of the propagation of a forest fire front: appraisal of an algorithm in common use (Dijkstra's algorithm). Proc. 2nd Numerical Meeting on Partial Differential Equations (25-27 Feb, Coimbra, Portugal): 457-469.        [ Links ]

André, J.C.S., Viegas, D.X., 1998b. An unifying theory on the propagation of the fire front of surface forest fires. Proc. III Int. Conference on Forest Fire Research / 14th Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology (Luso, 16/20 November 1998), Vol. I : 259-279.        [ Links ]

ANDRÉ, J.C.S., VIEGAS, D.X., 2001. Modelos de propagação de fogos florestais: estado-da-arte para utilizadores. Parte I: Introdução e modelos locais. Silva Lusitana 9 (2) : 237-265.        [ Links ]

Andrews, P.L., Bevins, C.D., 1998. Update and expansion of the BEHAVE fire behaviour prediction system. Proc. III Int. Conference on Forest Fire Research / 14th Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology (Luso, 16/20 November 1998), Vol. I: 733-740.        [ Links ]

Barros, F.J., Ball, G.L., 1998. Fire modelling using dynamic structure cellular automata. Proc. III Int. Conference on Forest Fire Research / 14th Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology (Luso, 16/20 November 1998), Vol. I : 879-888.        [ Links ]

Bossert, J.E., Reisner, J.M., Linn, R.R., Winterkamp, J.L., Schaub, R., Riggan, P.J., 1998. Validation of coupled atmosphere-fire behaviour models. Proc. III Int. Conference on Forest Fire Research / 14th Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology (Luso, 16/20 November 1998), Vol. I : 647-659.        [ Links ]

Burgan, R.E., Rothermel, R.C., 1984. BEHAVE: fire behaviour prediction and fuel modelling system - FUEL subsystem. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service (Ogden, Utah). General Technical Report INT-167. 126 pp..        [ Links ]

Catchpole, E.A., De Mestre, N.J., Gill, A.M., 1982. Intensity of fire at its perimeter. Australian Forestry Research 12 : 47-54.        [ Links ]

Clark, T.L., Coen, J.L., Radke, L., Reeder, M., Packham, D., 1998. Coupled atmosphere-fire dynamics. Proc. III Int. Conference on Forest Fire Research / 14th Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology (Luso, 16/20 November 1998), Vol. I : 67-82.        [ Links ]

Eftichidis, G., Margaritis, E., Sfiris, A., Varela, V., 1998. Fire management information systems: FMIS. Proc. III Int. Conference on Forest Fire Research / 14th Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology (Luso, 16/20 November 1998), Vol. II: 2641-2642.        [ Links ]

Feunekes, U., 1991. Error analysis in fire simulation models. MSc. Thesis. Department of Forest Research, University of New Brunswick (New Brunswick, Canada). 75 pp.        [ Links ]

Finney, M.A., 1998. FARSITE: Fire Area Simulator - Model development and evaluation. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Research Paper RMRS-RP-4. 47 pp.        [ Links ]

Frandsen, W.H., Andrews, P.L., 1979. Fire behaviour in nonuniform fuels. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service (Ogden, Utah). Research Paper INT-232.        [ Links ]

Guarnieri, F., Andersen, C.K., Olampi, S., Chambinaud, N., 1998. FIRELAB: towards a problem solving environment to support forest fire behaviour modelling. Proc. III Int. Conference on Forest Fire Research / 14th Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology (Luso, 16/20 November 1998), Vol. I : 483-496.        [ Links ]

Kourtz, P.H., O'Regan, W.G., 1971. A model for a small forest fire to simulate burned and burning areas for use in a detection model. Forest Science 17(2): 163-169.        [ Links ]

Linn, R.R., 1997. A transport model for prediction of wildfire behaviour. PhD Thesis. Department of Mechanical Engineering, New Mexico State University (Las Cruces, New Mexico). Also: Los Alamos National Laboratory, Report N. LA-13334-T.        [ Links ]

Lopes, A.M.G., Cruz, M.G., Viegas, D.X., 1998. FIRESTATION – An integrated system for the simulation of wind flow and fire spread over complex topography. Proc. III Int. Conference on Forest Fire Research / 14th Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology (Luso, 16/20 November 1998), Vol. I : 741-754.        [ Links ]

Lymberopoulos, N., Tryfonopoulos, T., Lockwood, F.C., 1998. The study of small and mesoscale wind field - forest fire interaction and buoyancy effects using the AIOLOS-F simulator. Proc. Conference on Forest Fire Research / 14th Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology (Luso, 16/20 November 1998), Vol. I : 405-418.        [ Links ]

Margerit, J., Séro-Guillaume, O., 1998. Richards’ model, Hamilton-Jacobi equation and temperature field equations of forest fires. Proc. III Int. Conference on Forest Fire Research / 14th Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology (Luso, 16/20 November 1998), Vol. I : 281-294.        [ Links ]

Martinez-Millán, J., Saura, S., 1998. CARDIN 3.2: forest fires spread and fighting simulation system. Proc. III Int. Conference on Forest Fire Research / 14th Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology (Luso, 16/20 November 1998), Vol. I : 907-926.        [ Links ]

Richards, G.D., 1990. An elliptical growth model of forest fire fronts and its numerical solution. Int. Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 : 1133-1149.        [ Links ]

Richards, G.D., 1995. A general mathematical framework for modelling two-dimensional wildland fire spread. Int. Journal of Wildland Fire 5(2) : 63-72.        [ Links ]

Roberts, S., 1989. A line element algorithm for curve flow problems in the plane. Centre for Mathematical Analysis, Australian National University. CMAR5889. 20 pp.        [ Links ]

Ross, D.G., Smith, I.N., Mnins, P.C., Fox, D.G., 1988. Diagnostic wind field modelling for complex terrain: model development and testing. Journal of Applied Meteorology 27 : 785-796.        [ Links ]

Rothermel, R.C., 1972. A mathematical model for predicting fire spread in wildland fuels. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service (Ogden, Utah). Research Paper INT-115. 40 pp.        [ Links ]

Rothermel, R.C., 1983. How to predict the spread and intensity of forest and range fires. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. General Technical Report INT-143. 161 pp..        [ Links ]

Santoni, P.A., Balbi, J.H., 1998. Numerical simulation of a fire spread model. Proc. III Int. Conference on Forest Fire Research / 14th Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology (Luso, 16/20 November 1998), Vol. I : 295-310.        [ Links ]

Van Wagner, C.E., 1969. A simple fire-growth model. Forest Chronicle 45 : 103-104.        [ Links ]

Vasconcelos, M.J., 1988. Simulation of fire behaviour with a geographic information system. MSci. Thesis. School of Renewable Natural Resources, University of Arizona (Tucson, Arizona).        [ Links ]

Vasconcelos, M.J.P., Paúl, J.C.U., Gonçalves, A., 1998. GEOFOGO – Testing a forest fire simulation system. Proc. III Int. Conference on Forest Fire Research / 14^th Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology (Luso, 16/20 November 1998), Vol. I: 889-890.        [ Links ]

Viegas, D.X., Ribeiro, P.R., Maricato, L., 1998. Proc. III Int. Conference on Forest Fire Research / 14th Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology (Luso, 16/20 November 1998), Vol. I: 325-342.        [ Links ]

Weber, R.O., 1991b. Toward a comprehensive wildfire spread model. Int. Journal of Wildland Fire 1(4): 245-248.        [ Links ]

 

Entregue para publicação em Maio de 2001

Aceite para publicação em Setembro de 2001

 

* 1º Autor E-email: jorge.andre@dem.uc.pt