Avaliação Indirecta da Carga de Combustível em Pinhal Bravo

Paulo Fernandes¹ *, Carlos Loureiro*, Hermínio Botelho**, António Ferreira*** e Marta Fernandes***

*Engenheiro Florestal

**Professor Associado

*** Estagiário

Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. Departamento Florestal. Quinta de Prados, 5000-911 VILA REAL

 

 

Sumário.Muitas das actividades associadas à gestão do fogo não são possíveis sem a avaliação da carga de combustível florestal. Desenvolveram-se equações para quantificar a carga de combustível dos vários componentes do complexo-combustível em pinhal bravo: folhada, material lenhoso caído, vegetação do sub-bosque e biomassa foliar na copa das árvores. Os modelos utilizam variáveis independentes de fácil obtenção que descrevem a estrutura do combustível (espessura, altura, coberto, volume), a dimensão das árvores (diâmetro à altura do peito), ou relacionam a quantidade de combustível com a idade e estrutura do povoamento.

Palavras-chave: Pinus pinaster Aiton; gestão do fogo; biomassa; dinâmica do combustível; inventário do combustível

 

Abstract. The evaluation of forest fuel loading is required by most fire management activities. Equations addressing each component of the maritime pine fuel complex - litter, downed woody fuel, understory vegetation, and tree crown foliage - were developed in order to quantify their respective fuel loadings. The models use easily obtainable independent variables that describe fuel structure (depth, height, cover, volume), tree dimension (diameter at breast height), or relate fuel load to stand age and structure.

Key words: Pinus pinaster Aiton; fire management; biomass; fuel dynamics; fuel inventory

 

Résumé. La plupart des activités de gestion du feu ne sont possibles qu'après estimation de la charge du combustible forestier. On a défini des équations qui permettent de quantifier la charge des différents composants de l'ensemble du combustible en peuplements de pin maritime: litière, bois mort, végétation du sous-bois, et feuillage des arbres. Les modèles utilisent des variables indépendantes, d'obtention aisée, qui décrivent la structure du combustible (epaisseur, hauteur, recouvrement, volume), la dimension des arbres (diamètre à la hauteur de la poitrine) ou qui associent l'accumulation du combustible par rapport à l'âge et à la structure du peuplement.

Mots clés: Pinus pinaster Aiton; gestion du feu; biomasse; dynamique du combustible; inventaire du combustible

 

 

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Full text only available in PDF format.

 

 

Bibliografia

ANDERSON, H.E., BROWN, J.K., 1987. Fuel characteristics and fire behavior considerations in the wildlands. In Proc. Symposium and Workshop on Protecting People and Homes from Wildfire in the Interior West, Missoula, pp. 124-130.        [ Links ]

ANDREWS, P.L., 1983. A system for predicting the behavior of forest and range fires. In Proc. SCS Conf. of Computer Simulation in Emergency Planning, La Jolla, San Diego, pp. 75-78.        [ Links ]

BERG, B., ALBREKTSON, A., BERG, M., CORTINA, J., JOHANSSON, GALLARDO, A., MADEIRA, M., PAUSAS, J., KRATZ, W., VALLEJO, R., McCLAUGHERTY, C. 1999. Amounts of litter fall in some pine forests in a European transect, in particular Scots pine. Ann. For. Sci. 56 : 625-639.        [ Links ]

BOTELHO, H.S., 1996. Efeitos do fogo controlado em árvores de povoamentos jovens de Pinus pinaster Ait. Dissertação de Doutoramento, UTAD, Vila Real.        [ Links ]

BOTELHO, H., VEGA, J.A., FERNANDES, P., REGO, F., 1994. Prescribed fire behavior and fine fuel consumption in Northern Portugal and Galiza maritime pine stands. In Proc. 2^nd Int. Conf. on Forest Fire Research, Viegas, D.X. (Ed.), Coimbra, pp. 343-353.        [ Links ]

BROWN, J.K., 1970. Physical fuel properties of ponderosa pine forest floors and cheatgrass. USDA For. Serv. Res. Note INT-74, Intermt. For. and Range Exp. Stn. Ogden, Utah.        [ Links ]

BROWN, J.K., 1971. A planar intersect method for sampling fuel volume and surface area. Forest Sci. 17(1) : 96-102.        [ Links ]

BROWN, J.K., 1976. Estimating shrub biomass from basal stem diameters. Can. J. For. Res. 6(2) : 153-158.        [ Links ]

BROWN, J.K., 1978. Weight and density of crowns of Rocky Mountain conifers. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. INT-197, Intermt. For. and Range Exp. Stn. Ogden, Utah.        [ Links ]

BROWN, J.K., 1981. Bulk densities of nonuniform surface fuels and their application to fire modeling.Forest Sci. 27(4) : 667-683.        [ Links ]

BROWN, J.K., REINHARDT, E.D., FISCHER, W.C., 1991. Predicting duff and woody fuel consumption in Northern Idaho prescribed fires. Forest Sci. 37(6) : 1550-1566.        [ Links ]

BYRAM, G.M., 1959. Combustion of forest fuels. In Forest Fire Control and Use, Ed. Davis, K.P., pp. 61-89. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.        [ Links ]

CROW, T.R., LAIDLY, P.R., 1980. Alternative models for estimating woody plant biomass. Can. J. For. Res. 10 : 367-370.        [ Links ]

DELAVEAUD, P., 1981. Le feu, outil sylvicole? Utilisation pratique des données de combustibilité. Mém. 3eme année, École Nationale des Ingénieurs des Travaux des Eaux et Forets / INRA, Avignon.        [ Links ]

DUPUY, J.L., 1995. Slope and fuel load effects on fire behaviour: laboratory experiments in pine needles fuel beds. Int. J. Wildland Fire 5(3) : 153-164.        [ Links ]

FENSHAM, R.J.,> 1992. The management implications of fine fuel dynamics in bushlands surrounding Hobart, Tasmania. J. Environ. Manage. 36 : 301-320.        [ Links ]

FERNANDES, P.M., 1991. Caracterização do combustível florestal em ecossistemas de Pinus pinaster Ait.: aplicação do Sistema BEHAVE. Relatório final de estágio, UTAD, Vila Real.        [ Links ]

FERNANDES, P.M., BOTELHO, H., REGO, F., 1991. Modelação dos combustíveis em povoamentos de Pinus pinaster Ait. In Comunicações do Encontro sobre Pinhal Bravo, Material Lenhoso e Resina, SPCF/ESAC/CFC, Coimbra, pp 183-192.        [ Links ]

FERNANDES, P.M., REGO, F.C., 1998a. Equations for estimating fuel load in shrub communities dominated by Chamaespartium tridentatum and Erica umbellata . In Proc. 3^rd International Conf. on Forest Fire Research & 14^th Fire and Forest Meteorology Conf., D.X. Viegas (Ed.), Luso, Vol. II, pp. 2553-2564.        [ Links ]

FERNANDES, P.M., REGO, F.C., 1998b. A new method to estimate fuel surface area-to-volume ratio using water immersion. Int. J. Wildland Fire 8(3) : 121-128.        [ Links ]

FERNANDES, P.M., REGO, F.C., 1998c. Changes in fuel structure and fire behaviour with heathland aging in Northern Portugal. In Proc. 13^th Conf. on Fire and Forest Meteorology, IAWF, Lorne, Australia, pp. 433-436.        [ Links ]

FINNEY, M., MARTIN, R., 1993. Fuel loading, bulk density, and depth of forest floor in coast redwood stands. Forest Sci. 39(3) : 617-622.        [ Links ]

FRANDSEN, W.H., 1983. Modeling big sagebrush as a fuel. J. Range Manage. 36(5) : 596-600.        [ Links ]

FULE, P.Z., COVINGTON, W.W., 1994. Double sampling increases the efficiency of forest floor inventories for Arizona ponderosa pine forests. Int. J. Wildland Fire 4(1): 3-10.        [ Links ]

HARRINGTON, M.G., 1986. Comparison of forest floor depth to loading relationships from several Arizona ponderosa pine stands. USDA For. Serv. Rocky Mte. For. and Range Exp. Stn. Res. Note RM-463. Fort Collins, Arizona.        [ Links ]

HERNANDEZ, I., GALLARDO, J., SANTA-REGINA, I, 1992. Dynamics of organic matter in forests subject to a mediterranean semi-arid climate in the Duero basin (Spain): litter production. Acta Oecol. 13(1) : 55-65.        [ Links ]

JOHANSEN, R., LAVDAS, L., LOOMIS, R., 1981. Estimating fuel weights before prescription burning shortleaf pine stands. South.J. Appl For. 5(3): 128-131.        [ Links ]

LEMOINE, B., GELPE, J., RANGER, J., NYS, C. 1986. Biomasses et croissance du pin maritime. Étude de la variabilité dans un peuplement de 16 ans. Ann. Sci. For. 43(1) : 67-84.        [ Links ]

MARECHAL, J., 1990. Le phytovolume et la phytomasse des strates basses sur les coupures de combustible, en region mediterranneene. INRA, Station de Sylviculture Méditerrannéenne, Doc. PIF9012, Avignon.        [ Links ]

MARQUES, C.P., 1987. Qualidade das estações florestais - povoamentos de pinheiro bravo no Vale do Tâmega. Dissertação de Doutoramento, UTAD, Vila Real.        [ Links ]

MAWSON, J.C., THOMAS, J.W., DEGRAAF, R.M., 1976. Program HTVOL: the determination of tree crown volume by layers. USDA For. Serv., Northeastern For. Exp. Stn. Res. Pap. NE-354. Upper darby, PA.        [ Links ]

McCORMICK, J., 1973. Assessing maritime pine fuel quantity. Res. Paper Nº 7, Forests Dpt. of Western Australia, Perth.        [ Links ]

McNAB, H., EDWARDS, M., HOUGH, W., 1978. Estimating fuel weights in slash pinepalmetto stands. Forest Sci. 24(3) : 345-358.        [ Links ]

MONTERO, G., GOMEZ, J.A., ORTEGA, C., 1990. Estimacion de la productividad aerea en una repoblacion de Pinus pinaster Ait. en el centro de España. INIA, Departamento de Sistemas Forestales, Madrid.        [ Links ]

MYERS, R.H., 1986. Classical and modern regression with applications. Duxbury Press, Boston.        [ Links ]

NALDER, I., WEIN, R., ALEXANDER, M., DE GROOT, W., 1997. Physical properties of dead and downed round-wood fuels in the boreal forests of Alberta and Northwest Territories. Can. J. For. Res. 27 : 1513-1517.        [ Links ]

NATÁRIO, R.M., PEREIRA, J.M., 1992. Relatório do projecto de modelação de combustíveis para o pinhal bravo. DGF, D.S. Produção, Div. Defesa e Protecção dos Arvoredos, Lisboa.        [ Links ]

PAUSAS, J.G., 1997. Litter fall and litter decomposition in Pinus sylvestris forests of the eastern Pyrenees. J. Veget. Sci. 8 : 643-650.        [ Links ]

PEREIRA, J.C., SEQUEIRA, N.M., CARREIRAS, J.M., 1995. Structural properties and dimensional relations of some Mediterranean shrub fuels. Int. J. Wildland Fire 5(1) : 35-42.        [ Links ]

PILLERS, M., STUART, J., 1993. Leaf-litter accretion and decomposition in interior and coastal old-growth redwood stands. Can. J. For. Res. 23 : 552-557.        [ Links ]

PORTÉ, A., BOSC, A., CHAMPION, I., LOUSTAU, D., 2000. Estimating the foliage area of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) branches and crowns with application to modelling the foliage area distribution in the crown. Ann. For. Sci. 57 : 73-86.        [ Links ]

PYNE, S.J., ANDREWS, P.L., LAVEN, R.D., 1996. Introduction to wildland fire. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.        [ Links ]

REGO, F.C., FERREIRA, S., 2000. Preparación de un plan de gestión de quema controlada para un perímetro forestal del norte de Portugal. Cuadernos de la Sociedade Española de Ciencias Forestales 9 : 29-34.        [ Links ]

REGO, F.C., BOTELHO, H.S., FERNANDES, P., RUAS, L., 1993. Forest fire prevention through prescribed burning: experimental study on fire effects on litter and soil, final Report. UTAD, Vila Real.        [ Links ]

ROTHERMEL, R.C., 1972. A mathematical model for predicting fire spread in wildland fuels. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. INT-115 Intermt. For. and Range Exp. Stn. Ogden, Utah.        [ Links ]

ROTHERMEL, R.C., ANDERSON, H.E., 1966. Fire spread characteristics determined in the laboratory. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. INT-30 Intermt. For. and Range Exp. Stn. Ogden, Utah.        [ Links ]

RYAN, K.C., PICKFORD, S.G., 1978. Physical properties of woody fuels in the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington. USDA For. Serv. Res. Note PNW-315, Pacific Northwest For. and Range Exp. Stn. Portland, Oregon.        [ Links ]

SACKETT, S.S., 1980. Woody fuel particle size and specific gravity of southwestern tree species. USDA For. Serv. Rocky Mte. For. and Range Exp. Stn. Res. Note RM-389. Fort Collins, Arizona.        [ Links ]

SACKETT, S.S., HAASE, S., 1991. Predicting forest floor weights indirectly. In Proc. 11th Conf. Fire and Forest Meteorology, Missoula, pp. 382-386.        [ Links ]

SILVA, R., TAVARES, M., PÁSCOA, F., 1991. Residual biomass of forest stands, Pinus pinaster Ait. and Eucalyptus globulus Labill. In Proc. 10º Congresso Florestal Mundial, Paris, Nº5.        [ Links ]

SNOWDON, P., 1991. A ratio estimator for bias correction in logarithmic regressions. Can. J. For. Res. 21 : 720-724.        [ Links ]

SOLARI, P., SICCARDI, F., 1998. Soil degradaion and erosion in small Mediterranean watersheds: non-linear interaction between forest fires and extreme rainfall processes. In Proc. 3^rd International Conf. on Forest Fire Research & 14^th Fire and Forest Meteorology Conf., D.X. Viegas (Ed.), Luso, Vol. II, pp. 1333-1344.        [ Links ]

VALETTE, J.C., PORTIER, D., 1992. Caracteristiques physiques des feuilles de Quercus pubescens. INRA, Laboratoire de Recherches Forestières Méditerranéennes, Doc. PIF9216, Avignon.        [ Links ]

VAN WAGNER, C.E., 1968. The line intersect method in forest fuel sampling. Forest Sci. 10 : 267-276.        [ Links ]

VAN WAGTENDONK, BENEDICT, J.M., SYDORIAK, W.M., 1998. Fuel bed characterristics of Sierra Nevada conifers. West.J. Appl For. 13(3) : 73-84.        [ Links ]

VEGA, J.A., BARÁ, S., CUIÑAS, P., GÓMEZ, J., FONTURBEL, M., ALONSO, M., 1992. Forest fire prevention through prescribed burning. Experimental study on fire effects on litter and soil, 1er informe anual. CIF, Pontevedra.        [ Links ]

VOSE, J.M., ALLEN, H.L., 1991. Quantity and timing of needle fall in N and P fertilized loblolly pine stands. For. Ecol. Manage. 41 : 205-219.        [ Links ]

WILSON, A.G., 1992. Assessing fire hazard on public lands in Victoria: fire management needs, and practical research objectives. Res. Rep. Nº 31, Fire Management Branch, Dept. of Conservation and Environment, Victoria.        [ Links ]

 

 

Submetido para publicação em Janeiro de 2001

Aceite para publicação em Maio de 2002

 

¹ 1º Autor E-mail: pfern@utad.pt