SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online

 
 número188Ao serviço do líder: as campanhas eleitorais do Partido Socialista índice de autoresíndice de assuntosPesquisa de artigos
Home Pagelista alfabética de periódicos  

Serviços Personalizados

Journal

Artigo

Indicadores

Links relacionados

  • Não possue artigos similaresSimilares em SciELO

Compartilhar


Análise Social

versão impressa ISSN 0003-2573

Anál. Social  n.188 Lisboa jul. 2008

 

Redes sociais e participação eleitoral em Portugal**

Pedro Magalhães*

 

Este artigo aborda os efeitos das redes sociais dos eleitores na sua propensão para o voto. Vários modelos formais têm proposto que a decisão de votar deverá ser vista como interdependente em relação às decisões dos membros da rede social a que o indivíduo pertence. Utilizando dados recolhidos em dois inquéritos através de questionário realizados após as eleições legislativas de 2005 e as presidenciais de 2006, este artigo sugere que, à semelhança do que sucede com a opção de voto, as redes sociais exercem uma enorme influência sobre a decisão de votar. Contudo, ao contrário do que sucede com a opção de voto, essa influência é, neste caso, predominantemente normativa e não informacional.

Palavras-chave: redes sociais; influência interpessoal; discussão política.

 

This article addresses the effects of social networks on the propensity of electoral voters to vote. Various formal models have suggested that the decision to vote has to be seen as being dependent on decisions of the members of the social network to which the individual belongs. Using data gathered in two survey questionnaires after the parliamentary elections of 2005 and the presidential elections of 2006, this article suggests that, as with the option to vote, social networks have a huge influence on the decision to vote. Unlike the option to vote, however, the influence in this case is mainly normative rather than of an informational nature.

Keywords: social networks; interpersonal influence; political discussion.

 

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Full text only available in PDF format.

 

Bibliografia

Abramson, P. R., e Aldrich, J. H. (1982), «The decline of electoral participation in America», in American Political Science Review, 76, 3, pp. 502-521.        [ Links ]

Asch, S. E. (1951), «Effects of group pressure on the modification and distortion of judgements», in H. Guetzkou (org.), Groups, Leadership and Men, Pittsburgh, Carnegie, pp. 177-190.

Bartels, L. (2006), «Three virtues of panel data for the analysis of campaign effects», in H. E. Brady e R. Johnston (orgs.), Capturing Campaign Effects, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, pp. 134-163.

Beck, P. A., et al. (2002), «The social calculus of voting: interpersonal, media, and organizational influences on presidential choices», in American Political Science Review, 96, 1, pp. 57-73.

Belluci, P., et al. (2007), «Intermediation through secondary associations: The organizational context of electoral behavior», in R. Gunther et al. (orgs.), Democracy, Intermediation, and Voting on Four Continents, Nova Iorque, Oxford University Press, pp. 135-182.

Berelson, B., et al. (1954), Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press.

Berry, W. D. (1984), Nonrecursive Causal Models, Beverly Hills, Sage.

Blais, A. (2006), «What affects voter turnout?», in Annual Review of Political Science, 9, 111-125.

Blais, A. e Dobrzynska, A. (1998), «Turnout in electoral democracies», in European Journal of Political Research, 33, 2, pp. 239-261.

Brody, R. A. (1978), «The puzzle of political participation in America», in Anthony King (org.), The New American Political System, Washington, American Enterprise Institute.

Campbell, A., et al. (1960), The American Voter, Nova Iorque, Wiley.

Cassel, C. A. (2004), «Voting records and validated voting studies», in Public Opinion Quarterly, 68, 1, pp. 102-108.

Chen, S., et al. (1996), «Getting at the truth or getting along: accuracy-versus impression-motivated heuristic and systematic processing», in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 2, pp. 262-275.

Crutchfield, R. A. (1955), «Conformity and character», in American Psychologist, 10, pp. 191-198.

De Vreese, C. H., e Boomgaarden, H. (2006), «News, political knowledge and participation: the differential effects of news media exposure on political knowledge and participation», in Acta Politica, 41, 4, pp. 317-341.

Delli Carpini, M. X., e Keeter, S. (1996), What Americans Know about Politics and Why It Matters, New Haven, Yale University Press.

Deutsch, M., e Gerard, H. B. (1955), «A study of normative and informational social influences upon individual judgement», in Journal of Abnormal and Social Psgychology, 51, 3, pp. 629-636.

Downs, A. (1957), An Economic Theory of Democracy, Nova Iorque, Harper and Brothers.

Finkel, S. E., e Freedman, P. (2004), «The half-hearted rise: voter turnout in the 2000 elections», in H. Weisberg e C. Wilcox (orgs.), Models of Voting in Presidential Elections: The 2000 U. S. Election, Stanford, Stanford University Press, pp. 180-205.

Fowler, J. H. (2005), «Turnout in a small world, in A. S. Zuckerman» (org.), The Social Logic of Politics: Personal Networks as Contexts for Political Behavior, Philadelphia, Temple University Press, pp. 269-287.

Franklin, M. N. (2002), «The dynamics of electoral participation», in Leduc et al. (orgs.), Comparing Democracies 2: New Challenges in the Study of Elections and Voting, London, Sage Publications, pp. 148-168.

Franklin, M. N. (2004), Voter Turnout and the Dynamics of Electoral Competition in Established Democracies since 1945, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Freire, A., e Magalhães, P. (2002), A abstenção eleitoral em Portugal, Lisboa, Imprensa de Ciências Sociais.

Glaser, W. A. (1959), «The family and voting turnout», in Public Opinion Quarterly, 23, 4, pp. 563-570.

Granovetter, M. S. (1973), «The strength of weak ties», in American Journal of Sociology, 78, 6, pp. 1360-1380.

Granovetter, M. S. (1983), «The strength of weak ties: a network theory revisited», in Sociological Theory, 1, pp. 201-233.

Großer, J., e Schram, A. (2004), «Neighborhood information exchange and voter participation: an experimental study», in American Political Science Review, 100, 2, pp. 235-248.

Grossman, G. M., e Helpman, E. (2001), Special Interest Politics, Cambridge, MIT Press.

Holbrook, A. L., et al. (2001), «Attitudes toward presidential candidates and political parties: initial optimism, inertial first impressions, and a focus on flaws», American Journal of Political Science, 45, 4, pp. 930-950.

Huckfeldt, R., e Sprague, J. (1995), Citizens, Politics, and Social Communication: Information and Influence in an Election Campaign, Nova Iorque, Cambridge University Press.

Jackman, R. A., e Miller, R. A. (1995), «Voter turnout in the industrial democracies during the 1980s», in Comparative Political Studies, 27, 4, pp. 467-492.

Kenny, C. (1992), «The microenvironment of political participation», in American Politics Research, 21, 2, pp. 223-238.

Kenny, C. (1993), «Political participation and effects from the social environment», in American Journal of Political Science, 36, 1, pp. 259-267.

Lapp, M. (1999), «Incorporating groups into rational choice explanations of turnout: an empirical test», in Public Choice, 98, 1-2, pp. 171-185.

Lazarsfeld, P., et al. (1944), The People's Choice: How the Voter Makes Up His Mind in a Presidential Campaign, Nova Iorque, Columbia University Press.

Ledyard, J. D. (1981), «The paradox of voting and candidate competition: a general equilibrium analysis», in G. Hoorwich e J. Quirk (orgs.), Essays in Contemporary Fields of Economics, West Lafayette, Purdue University Press, pp. 54-80.

Leighley, J. (1990), «Social interaction and contextual influences on political participation», in American Politics Quarterly, 18, 4, pp. 459-475.

Leighley, J. (1996), «Group membership and the mobilization of political participation», in The Journal of Politics, 58, 2, pp. 447-463.

Magalhães, P. (2001), «Desigualdade, desinteresse e desconfiança: a abstenção nas eleições legislativas de 1999», in Análise Social, 35, 157, pp. 1079-1098.

Matos, J. A. de, e Barros, P. (2004), «Social norms and the paradox of turnout», in Public Choice, 121, 1-2, pp. 239-255.

Mcclurg, S. D. (2003), «Social networks and political participation: the role of social interaction in explaining political participation», in Political Research Quarterly, 56, 4, pp. 449-464.

Mcclurg, S. D. (2006), «Political disagreement in context: the conditional effect of neighborhood context, disagreement, and political talk on electoral participation», in Political Behavior, 28, 4, pp. 349-366.

Newton, K. (1999), «Mass media effects: mobilization or media malaise?», in British Journal of Political Science, 29, 4, pp. 577-599.

Nickerson, D. W. (2008), «Is voting contagious? Evidence from two field experiments», in American Political Science Review, 102, 1, pp. 49-57.

Norris, P. (2000), A Virtuous Circle: Political Communications in Post-Industrial Societies, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Norris, P. (2002), Democratic Phoenix: Reiventing Political Activism, Nova Iorque, Cambridge University Press.

Palfrey, T., e Rosenthal, H. (1983), «A strategic calculus of voting», in Public Choice, 41, 1, 7-53.

Popkin, S. L. (1991), The Reasoning Voter: Communication and Persuasion in Presidential Campaigns, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.

Putnam, R. (2001), Bowling Alone: the collapse and revival of American community, Nova Iorque, Simon and Schuster.

Reif, K., e Schmitt, H. (1980), «Nine second-order national elections: a conceptual framework for the analysis of european election results», in European Journal of Political Research, 8, pp. 3-44.

Richardson, B., e Beck, P. A. (2007), «The flow of political information: personal discussants, the media, and partisans», in R. Gunther et al. (orgs.), Democracy, Intermediation, and Voting on Four Continents, Nova Iorque, Oxford University Press, pp. 183-207.

Riker, W. H., e Ordeshook, P. C. (1968), «A theory of the calculus of voting», in American Political Science Review, 62, 1, pp. 25-42.

Rosenstone, S. J., e Hansen, J. M. (1993), Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America, Nova Iorque, Macmillan Publishing Company.

Schram, A. (1991), Voter Behavior in Comparative Perspective, Berlim, Springer-Verlag.

Schram, A., e Sonnemans, J. (1996), «Why people vote: experimental evidence», in Journal of Economic Psychology, 17, 4, pp. 417-442.

Sherif, M. (1936), The Psychology of Social Norms, Nova Iorque, Harper Brothers.

Silver, B. D., et al. (1986), «Who overreports voting?», in American Political Science Review, 80, 2, pp. 613-624.

Sniderman, P. M., et al. (1991), Reasoning and Choice: Explorations in Political Psychology, Nova Iorque, Cambridge University Press.

Straits, B. C. (1990), «The social context of voter turnout», in Public Opinion Quarterly, 54, 1, pp. 64-73.

Timpone, R. (2001), «Concerns with endogeneity in statistical analysis: modelling the interdependence between economic ties and conflict», in E. D. Mansfield e B. Pollins (orgs.), Economic Interdependence and International Conflict: New Perspectives on an Enduring Debate, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, pp. 289-309.

Topf, R. (1995), «Electoral participation», in H.-D. Klingemann e D. Fuchs (orgs.), Citizens and the State, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 27-51.

Uhlaner, C. J. (1989a), «Rational turnout: the neglected role of groups», in American Journal of Political Science, 33, 2, pp. 390-422.

Uhlaner, C. J. (1989b), «Relational goods and participation: incorporating sociability into a theory of rational action», in Public Choice, 62, 3, pp. 253-285.

Verba, S., e Nie, N. H. (1972), Participation in America:  Political Democracy and Social Equality, Nova Iorque, Harper and Row.

Verba, S., et al. (1995), Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics, Cambridge, Harvard University Press.

Viegas, J. M. L., e Faria, S. (2004), «A abstenção nas eleições legislativas de 2002», in A. Freire et al. (orgs.), Portugal a Votos: as eleições legislativas de 2002, Lisboa, Imprensa de Ciências Sociais, pp. 221-260.

Weisberg, H. F., e Grofman, B. (1981), «Candidate evaluations and turnout», in American Politics Quarterly, 9, 2, pp. 197-219.

Wolfinger, R. E., e Rosenstone, S. J. (1980), Who Votes?, New Haven, Yale University Press.

Wood, W. (2000), «Attitude change: persuasion and social influence», in Annual Review of Psychology, 51, pp. 539-570.

Zaller, J. (1992), The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion, Nova Iorque, Cambridge University Press.

 

* Instituto de Ciências Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa.

** A primeira versão deste artigo foi apresentada na conferência «Os contextos do voto em Portugal: perspectivas sobre as eleições legislativas e presidenciais», realizada no Instituto de Ciências Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa nos dias 27 e 28 de Março de 2007. Esta conferência foi realizada no âmbito do programa de investigação «Comportamento Eleitoral dos Portugueses», coordenado por António Barreto, e como parte do projecto The Changing Contexts of Political Behavior: Electoral Choices and Political Attitudes in Contemporary Portugal, com coordenação executiva de Marina Costa Lobo e Pedro Magalhães. Este projecto é apoiado pela Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, pela Fundação Tinker, pela Comissão Nacional de Eleições, pelo Secretariado Técnico dos Assuntos para o Processo Eleitoral, pela Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian e pela Fundação Luso-Americana para o Desenvolvimento, instituições às quais gostaria de manifestar a minha gratidão. Agradeço também os comentários de Pedro Pita Barros e de um referee anónimo.

Creative Commons License Todo o conteúdo deste periódico, exceto onde está identificado, está licenciado sob uma Licença Creative Commons