Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada

Avaliação do clima de ondas da praia de Ponta Negra (RN, Brasil) através do uso do SMC-Brasil e sua contribuição à gestão costeira

Para o planejamento e gestão efetivos da orla marítima, visando a implantação de obras de engenharia para contenção da erosão e a manutenção da linha de praia, é imprescindível o conhecimento dos forçantes hidrodinâmicos atuantes, destacando-se o clima de ondas. No Brasil há uma carência de dados de ondas, que pode ser suprida através de bancos de dados gerados através de modelos numéricos (dados de reanálise e com downscaling), tal como o proposto pela Universidade de Cantábria/Espanha, cuja base de dados de ondas foi disponibilizada para o Brasil através do SMC-Brasil, que visa a transferência dessa base de dados, além de ferramentas e metodologia para uma melhor gestão do litoral brasileiro. Este trabalho utilizou o SMC-Brasil para analisar o clima de ondas da região costeira da praia de Ponta Negra localizada em Natal/RN, Nordeste do Brasil, que possui elevada importância turística, com amplo crescimento e ocupação urbana nas últimas décadas. O ponto selecionado como representativo do regime de ondas incidentes, localizado a uma cota batimétrica de 20m, na latitude 5,8775°S/longitude 35,0301°W, apresenta as seguintes características de clima de ondas: predominância de ondas de leste-sudeste (ESE) em mais de 75% dos estados de mar, seguido de ondas de leste (E=20%), sudeste (SE=3%) e leste-nordeste (ENE=2%). Sazonalmente, a predominância de ondulações provenientes de ESE ocorre em todas as estações do ano, porém no verão (Dezembro a Fevereiro) nota-se o aumento na participação de ondas provenientes de E. A altura de onda significativa (Hs) varia entre 0,5m e 2,8m, com 75% dos estados de mar apresentando ondas inferiores a 1,6m. Ondas com Hs superior a 2,6m apresentam um período de retorno probabilístico de aproximadamente 10 anos. Em relação aos períodos de pico (Tp), os valores variam entre 4s e 20s, sendo que 75% dos estados de mar apresentam Tp inferior a 8s. Ondas com Tp superior a 18s apresentam um período de retorno probabilístico de mais de 10 anos. A análise da distribuição conjunta de Hs-Tp e Hs-Dir mostra que no ponto selecionado as ondas mais frequentes são as com Hs entre 1,3 e 1,7m, Tp em torno de 8s, provenientes da direção em torno de 110°. Na propagação dos casos espectrais verificou-se que a região sul da praia de Ponta Negra (área do Morro do Careca) é protegida da ondulação, alcançada por valores máximos de Hs de cerca de 1,5m em eventos de tempestade. Isso ocorre tanto devido aos efeitos de difração e refração, mais evidentes nas ondulações de ESE e SE, quanto também aos efeitos de perda de energia devido ao fundo marinho deste setor, que apresenta uma batimetria mais suave, sendo mais dissipativa. Deste modo, destaca-se o aumento à exposição das ondas de sul para norte na praia de Ponta Negra, em direção à Via Costeira, com ondas de até 2,5m alcançando a linha de costa em eventos de tempestade. Os resultados deste estudo têm implicações relevantes para a gestão da zona costeira, como subsídio à melhoria do planejamento e gestão da orla, nas tomadas de decisões sobre o uso e ocupação dos terrenos próximos à linha de costa. Sugere-se que modelos similares sejam aplicados em outros locais como base para as ações de intervenção humana, em concordância com os princípios de gestão integrada e sustentável da zona costeira.

For effective planning and management of the coastline, from the implementation of engineering projects to contain erosion to the maintenance of the coastline, it is imperative to understand the hydrodynamic forces that influence coastal morphodynamics, especially wave climate. In Brazil instrumental data collection of waves on a large scale, systematically and in long and continuous time series is still challenging. Aiming fill this gap, some countries have developed methodologies which use numeric models, involve the reanalysis of previous data and perform downscaling in order to generate wave databases. One of these databases was proposed by the University of Cantabria, Spain and was used by SMC-Brasil, which aims to use the database, tools and methodology to improve the management of the Brazilian coast. This study used this database to analyze wave climate of coastal region of Ponta Negra beach located in Natal, northeast Brazil. Ponta Negra beach is important because of its fame for tourism and because it is a driving force behind the urban growth in this area. The wave climate was analyzed here as a basis of the beach erosion dynamics study in the region, as well as to develop a contribution to the management of public policy regarding seafront construction. Ponta Negra beach is a headland-bay beach located in the eastern sector of Rio Grande do Norte state. It is comprised of two sections: Ponta Negra beach itself and the beach along the Via Costeira, which extends to the North. The assessment of the role of wave climate at a point located at 20m depth in the continental shelf (latitude 5.8775°S / longitude 35.0301°W) by evaluating the SMC-Brasil wave database. The wave climate near the beach was determinate by the propagation of spectral wave cases associated with storms and normal conditions, at high and low tide. This representative point exhibited the following wave climate characteristics: predominance of waves from East-Southeast (ESE) and it represented more than 75% of the wave direction, followed by waves from the East (E=20%), Southeast (SE=3%) and East-Northeast (ENE=2%). The seasonal variation in wave direction is slight and the predominant direction is ESE in all seasons; however, in summer (the months of December, January and February), an increase in waves from the East can be observed. The significant wave height (Hs) is between 0.5m and 2.8m and the waves are below 1.6m in 75% of sea states. Waves with an Hs higher than 2.6m showed a probabilistic return period of approximately 10 years. For peak periods (Tp), the values range from 4s to 20s and the Tp is below 8s in 75% of sea states. Waves with a Tp higher than 18s showed a probabilistic return period of more than 10 years. The analysis of the joint distribution of Hs to Tp and Hs to Direction shows that at this point, the most frequent waves are those with an Hs between 1.3 and 1.7m, a Tp around 8s and from an 110° direction. Based on the results obtained from the propagation of spectral wave cases during storms and under normal conditions, it can be seen that one of the characteristics of Ponta Negra beach is a wave height gradient with lower values in the southern region and increasing values along the Via Costeira. This is due to the effects of diffraction and refraction seen mainly in the SE and ESE waves and to the effects of energy loss because of the bathymetry in the southern region of Ponta Negra beach is typically gentler than the bathymetry in the North, with dissipative characteristics. In the protected area near Morro do Careca the maximum Hs values were registered at 1.5m while in the northern region towards the Via Costeira waves up to 2.5m were seen to reach the coastline during storms. By comparing the results from high and low tide wave propagations, it was found that in low tide the waves with the highest significant wave height reached the coastline. Visual assessments of the beach also showed that under these conditions and due to the erosion processes taking place at the coastline and the loss of sediment at the backshore of various sections of Ponta Negra beach, the waves reach the urban structures on the shoreline and are leading to its deterioration. And so, it can be concluded that based on the knowledge of the wave climate in a region such as Ponta Negra beach and based on the database from SMC-Brasil it is possible to plan, manage and take action to protect the coastal area more effectively and sustainably. Currently, the majority of the projects undertaken in the coastal zone do not take studies of marine dynamics into consideration and thus they are inefficient and have caused huge social, environmental and economic long-term damage. Through the use of the tools provided by SMC-Brasil, it has been shown that it is possible to obtain data and put it to use in the planning and management of the coastline. Thus, the results of this study have major implications for coastal zone management, as contribution to improve planning and management of seafront infrastructure, in decisions about the use and occupation of land near the coastline. It is suggested that similar models are implemented in other locations as the basis for the actions of human intervention, in accordance with the principles of integrated and sustainable management of the coastal zone.

Situação ecológica, socioeconómica e de governança após a implementação do primeiro plano de ordenamento no Parque Marinho Professor Luiz Saldanha (Arrábida, Portugal): I - informações e opiniões dos pescadores

O Parque Marinho Professor Luiz Saldanha (PMLS - Arrábida, Portugal) foi criado em 1998 e está regulado por um plano de ordenamento desde 2005. Este estudo apresenta os resultados de um inquérito que recolheu informações e opiniões de pescadores do PMLS sobre a situação ecológica, socioeconómica e de governança 4-7 anos após a implementação faseada das regras nesta área marinha protegida (AMP). As 31 perguntas sobre o sistema social-ecológico e algumas perguntas auxiliares foram presencialmente respondidas em entrevistas individuais por 23 pescadores do PMLS (cerca de um terço dos licenciados) aleatoriamente escolhidos. As informações sobre a actividade pesqueira são utilizadas para formar indicadores de estado e de tendência para parâmetros ecológicos. As opiniões relacionadas com a interacção com outros utentes, as regras do PMLS e instituições associadas formam indicadores socioeconómicos e de governança considerados relevantes para qualquer AMP. Os resultados são comparados com dados oficiais de actividade pesqueira no porto de origem (Sesimbra) e com informações de literatura publicada. No geral, a caracterização da pesca do PMLS com base nas respostas ao inquérito foi reveladora de uma maior complexidade do que anteriormente reconhecida para esta pequena frota; os resultados para os indicadores ecológicos no PMLS genericamente apontam para ausência de mudança, mas são inconclusivos, dado a ausência de padrões claros nas respostas e algumas incongruências com outras fontes de informação. Os resultados para os indicadores socioeconómicos e de governança são claros no registo maioritário de desalento, mas difusos no registo das causas e propostas de solução. Esta análise é complementada pelo estudo de Stratoudakis et al., (2015) sobre as percepções de outros utentes do PMLS relativamente à mesma temática, aonde também se cruzam os resultados dos dois inquéritos. O objectivo conjunto destes trabalhos é apoiar a avaliação da eficácia de gestão no processo da primeira revisão do plano de ordenamento do PMLS e a iniciação de um plano de monitorização longitudinal focando em metodologias participativas.

The Prof. Luiz Saldanha Marine Park (PMLS - Arrábida, Portugal) was created in 1998 and is regulated by a spatial plan since 2005 (POPNA). The present study shows results from an inquiry that collected information and opinions of PMLS fishers on the ecological, socio-economic and governance conditions 4-7 years after the phased introduction of regulation in this marine protected area (MPA). The 31 questions about the social-ecological system and some auxiliary questions were re-sponded by 23 fishermen (skippers of a third of the <7 m fishing vessels from Sesimbra allowed to operate in the Park) in individual interviews. Information on fishing activity is used to construct state and trend indicators for ecological variables (mean CPUE for target species, size of biggest target specimen caught in a year, number of bycatch species, number of vessels fishing at the outer limits of the MPA, etc.). Opinions related to the interaction with other users, the PMLS rules and associated institutions form socioeconomic and governance indicators considered relevant for any MPA (number of fishers affected by POPNA introduction, number of fishers known to seek PMLS license, perceived value of fishing boat and MPA license, prioritization of conflicts, etc.). The results are compared with official data of fishing activity in the fishing port of origin, Sesimbra (number of vessels and characteristics, number of landing trips, quantities and values landed daily by species and vessel) and with literature information. Overall, the characterization of the fishing activity within the PMLS based on the questionnaire replies reveals more complexity than previously reported for this small fishing fleet. The already known distinction between the smaller aiolas (older, wooden boats <4 m with low engine power and no mechanical support for gear lifting) and the larger botes (newer, PVC boats, 5-7 m length, with bigger engine power and mechanical gear lifting support) is further accentuated by demonstration that aiolas are exclusively operating within the Park using lines and having significant lower CPUEs than the larger botes that also use nets and pots and in most cases simultaneously operate both within and outside the Park. The ecological results appoint to an absence of change for most indicators and a non-significant decline in target species abundance. However, these results do not depict increases in relative abundance for hake, white seabreams and red mullet that are observed in the PMLS daily landings per vessel and supported by independent observations either at larger scales (hake) or within the PMLS (white seabreams) or can be explained by modifications in the PMLS fishing regulations (red mullet). The results on the socioeconomic and governance indicators are clear in the demonstration of pessimism, but diffuse in appointing to causes or possible solutions. Although the majority does not want their descendents to relate to fishing and for themselves prefer to return to the pre-POPNA situation, they also recognize a value in the MPA license, know of people that want to acquire it and consider co-management with the MPA authority as the best way to manage the fishery. Official data on small scale fishing vessel registers from continental Portugal confirm that the number of PMLS vessels reduced in the period 2006-2014 almost the double of the national median in that period (41% vs 22% reduction), however this reduction has only partly led to vessel decommissioning (mainly small aiolas; the entry of few new and more potent vessels has actually led to a net increase in total engine power of small fishing vessels at Sesimbra compared to the year of POPNA implementation. This analysis is complemented by the study of Stratoudakis et al. (2015) on perceptions of other PMLS users with respect to the same issues. The joint objective of these studies is to support the management effectiveness evaluation underway in the process of revision of POPNA and the initiation of a longitudinal monitoring plan for the PMLS, using participative methodologies.

Situação ecológica, socioeconómica e de governança após a implementação do primeiro plano de ordenamento no Parque Marinho Professor Luiz Saldanha (Arrábida, Portugal): II - percepções de utentes

O Parque Marinho Professor Luiz Saldanha (PMLS) foi criado em 1998 e está regulado por um plano de ordenamento desde 2005. Este estudo apresenta os resultados de um inquérito que recolheu percepções de utentes do PMLS sobre a situação ecológica, socioeconómica e de governança 4-7 anos após a implementação faseada das regras nesta área marinha protegida (AMP). As 37 perguntas sobre o sistema social-ecológico e algumas perguntas auxiliares foram respondidas por 64 utentes do PMLS divididos em seis categorias alvo: pescadores profissionais a operar fora do PMLS, pescadores lúdicos, mergulhadores, investigadores, elementos da administração e outra. Diferente estratégia de amostragem foi seguida para cada categoria de utentes, em função do conhecimento prévio de indivíduos com elevado nível de familiaridade com os assuntos do inquérito. Foram respondidas 1694 das 2368 perguntas colocadas (71.5% de resposta, com ausência de resposta na grande maioria dos casos por desconhecimento). As respostas agregadas foram utilizadas para formar indicadores de tendência para assuntos relevantes para qualquer AMP e comparadas estatisticamente com uma distribuição de respostas teórica normal, centrada na percepção de ausência de mudança. Foi também considerado o efeito da opinião pessoal do inquirido sobre o PMLS, avaliando a existência de diferenças significativas na distribuição das respostas de optimistas (inquiridos cuja aceitação do PMLS melhorou nos últimos anos) versus restantes. No geral, das respostas dos utentes sobressai uma visão positiva para a evolução do PMLS e da sua interacção com a pesca até 2012, com a excepção de alguns aspectos socioeconómicos importantes ligados à pesca. Existe também alguma variabilidade de perspectivas entre categorias (nomeadamente para assuntos ecológicos) e foram detectados seis casos de diferenças significativas na distribuição de respostas entre optimistas e restantes. Comparando estes resultados com os resultados do inquérito para os pescadores do PMLS (Stratoudakis et al., 2015), denota-se a prevalência de uma divergência de percepções nos assuntos ecológicos (com os pescadores a não detectar melhorias) e de uma convergência nos assuntos socioeconómicos e de governança. O objectivo conjunto destes trabalhos é apoiar a avaliação da eficácia de gestão no processo de revisão do plano de ordenamento do PMLS e a iniciação de um plano de monitorização longitudinal focado em metodologias participativas.

The Prof. Luiz Saldanha Marine Park (PMLS - Arrábida, Portugal) was created in 1998 and has been managed according to a spatial plan since 2005. This study presents the results from an inquiry on the perceptions of PMLS users in relation to the ecological, socioeconomic and governance situation in the Park 4-7 years after the phased implementation of spatial rules in this Marine Protected Area (MPA). The 37 questions on the social-ecological system and some auxiliary questions were answered by 64 PMLS users from six categories: fishers operating outside the MPA, recreational fishers, divers, researchers, public administration and others. A distinct sampling strategy was followed for each user category depending on the level of previous knowledge of people with high level of familiarity with the questionnaire issues (close to a census on researchers and public administration members with specific activity in PMLS; snowball sampling for professional and recreational fishers; and provision of contacts of experienced divers from the Portuguese Centre of Sub-aquatic Activities). Respondents were asked to indicate their perception of improvement (moderate or large), stability or deterioration (moderate or large) on an ordinal scale of possible responses (5 levels Likert-type scale) for each of the issues at question. In total, 1694 replies were obtained to the 2368 questions placed (response rate of 71.5%, with the great majority of non-response being due to lack of knowledge). Aggregated replies were used to construct trend indicators on issues relevant for any MPA and were compared statistically with a series of samples from a theoretical distribution of replies centered in the lack of change (standardized normal distribution, truncated at 2 standard deviations). The effect of respondent opinion on the PMLS was tested by comparing the distribution of replies between optimists (people whose opinion of the PMLS improved in the last 4-5 years) and others. Overall, user replies indicate a positive view on the evolution of the PMLS and its interaction with small scale fisheries until 2012, with 2.04 replies of perceived improvement for every reply of perceived deterioration. This ratio was substantially lower for socioeconomic issues, where a perceived significant improvement in PMLS knowledge and its dissemination were counterbalanced by a perceived deterioration in the ability of excluded fishers to maintain a living related to fishing and the attraction of fishing as employment for youth. This contrast is also detected when comparing the distribution of replies to 5 socioeconomic and governance questions identically phrased with respect to fishers and other users: on two issues (earnings and management solutions) the same group of respondents considered that the evolution in the last 4-5 years was significantly better for other users than for fishers (although no significant difference was found in the evolution of group conflicts with the MPA managing authority). Variation in replies was detected among user categories (mainly in ecological issues), while significant differences between the replies of optimists and others were only found in 6 questions (PMLS acceptance by fishers, other users and local community; attraction of fishing as employment for youth; coverage by brown macroalgae and sightings of seabirds and marine mammals). Comparing these results with those of the inquiry to PMLS fishers (Stratoudakis et al., 2015) there is a prevalence of a divergence in perceptions for ecological issues (with PMLS fishers not detecting the improvements perceived by other users) and a convergence in socioeconomic and governance issues (both those indicating improvement and those indicating deterioration). The joint objective of these two studies is to inform the management effectiveness evaluation that is included in the process of revision of the spatial plan for the PMLS and to set the basis for a longitudinal monitoring plan focusing on participatory methods.

Turismo em áreas balneares: uma análise da interação entre residentes e visitantes na Praia do Tofo, Moçambique

O desenvolvimento do turismo gera inúmeros impactos nos locais onde acontece, o que faz com que o turismo seja reconhecido como uma atividade que existe para o bem e para o mal de destinos turísticos. A Praia do Tofo representa um espaço apropriado para a compreensão dos impactos que o turismo pode causar, bem como para perceber Como os residentes e visitantes interagem no mesmo ambiente. É sobre esta abordagem que este artigo se fundamenta, tendo como objectivos identificar o grau de satisfação global e específico dos utilizadores da praia, o grau de aceitação de níveis diferentes de aglomeração humana e a percepção da ocorrência de diferentes padrões de comportamento. Fundamentados no conceito de capacidade de carga social e na aplicação de entrevistas aos diversos utilizadores do espaço turístico, os resultados indicam que a satisfação global de ambos grupos em relação à sua experiência recreativa foi positiva, que ambos grupos partilham o mesmo sentimento em relação ao grau de aglomeração humana na praia (variando de 78 a 312 pessoas/ 182 x 457m) e que ainda não ocorrem, na praia, comportamentos negativos por parte dos seus utilizadores. Estes resultados sugerem que ambos grupos (residentes e visitantes) coexistem pacificamente na Praia do Tofo e que as entidades gestoras devem introduzir mecanismos para evitar a ocorrência de padrões de comportamento desviantes, como forma de manter o equilíbrio estável atualmente existente entre os grupos.

Tourism is a contemporary way of resource utilization that has been described as being positive and negative at the same time. In this sense, this activity can at the same time provide positive negative to the territory where it occurs and also be the driving force for the degradation of the same territory. Though, tourism development relies on the specificities of each region and can only be viable when there are enough resources to provide tourism vocation, resources that can be natural, human, historic and cultural. The economic usage of these resources requires that basic conditions be secured with focus on economic and sociocultural infrastructures. Among all segments of tourism, coastal tourism has been one of the most developing, deserving, actually, special attention due to the fragility of the ecosystem and the relative isolation of native people living in these areas. In this context, while tourism activity has its essence in human interactions especially in relationships that are established between populations (residents and visitors), since admittedly tourism generates many impacts on places where it happens, what causes its recognition as an activity that exists for the good and bad of tourist destinations. Praia do Tofo represents a suitable space for understanding the impacts that tourism can cause, as well as to understand how residents and visitors interact in the same environment, in that it is a mass tourist destination considered priority area for development of tourism by already present some degree of tourist development and offer some support infrastructure. Thus, the interest in the subject of this article is å need to reflect about social tourism relations, with emphasis on the contact between residents and visitors, communities seeking to build a base of knowledge that can contribute to the improvement of management processes of beaches so that they ensure the satisfaction of those who attend. Given these assumptions, the article attempts to identify the degree of satisfaction of holidaymakers compared their recreational experience the satisfaction of holidaymakers toward some features from the beach, the degree of acceptance of different levels of human settlement and the perception thereof in relation to the occurrence of different patterns of behaviour. To achieve these objectives, the methodology was applied based on social carrying capacity assessment and in the implementation of interviews to various users of the beach by following three key procedures, namely (i) application of questionnaires to realize aspects linked to previous visits, activities involved and meeting with other groups; (ii) assessment of the degree of satisfaction in relation to recreational experience and importance and satisfaction regarding some features from the beach; and (iii) evaluation of the perception of vacationers in relation to patterns of behaviour displayed by other users at the beach. The results indicate that the overall satisfaction of both groups in relation to their recreational experience was positive, both groups share the same feeling about the degree of human settlement on the beach (ranging from 78 to 312 people/182 x 457m) and not yet occur, on the beach, negative behaviours on the part of its users. These results suggest that both groups (residents and visitors) coexist peacefully at Praia do Tofo and that management institutions should introduce mechanisms to prevent negative behaviour patterns, as a way to maintain the stable equilibrium existing between groups currently.

Uso do geoprocessamento para definição de áreas para o cultivo de ostras na região estuarina de Cananéia/SP

A maioria dos estoques pesqueiros tradicionais encontra-se em declínio em decorrência da crescente expansão das atividades antrópicas na zona costeira, propiciando outras formas de produção de alimento e de geração de renda, tal como a maricultura. Nesse panorama, o desenvolvimento de instrumentos gerenciais para a zona costeira mostra-se necessário, já que sua ausência pode causar prejuízos irremediáveis aos ambientes costeiros e à vida aquática. Técnicas de geoprocessamento vêm sendo amplamente utilizadas nas mais diversas atividades econômicas e governamentais, fornecendo informações adequadas de planejamento e gestão de territórios e projetos. Quando aplicadas de forma coerente, essas técnicas podem contribuir para a sustentabilidade aquícola de uma área. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um instrumento gerencial para o planejamento da maricultura através do uso de geoprocessamento para o cultivo de ostras na região estuarina lagunar de Cananéia. Os dados obtidos através de pesquisas bibliográficas, legislação brasileira vigente, agências ambientais, Carta Náutica, restituição de imagens de satélite e coletas em campo foram organizados em um gerenciador de banco de dados geográficos. Após esse procedimento, analisou-se através da geoestatística, interpolação, análise de distância e análise de densidade, definiram-se áreas propícias ou ideais para o cultivo da ostra Crassostrea brasiliana, o que resultou na elaboração dos mapas: Mapa Ambiental, Mapa das rotas de navegação, Mapa de Conflito de Usos, Conflitos com interesses das Unidades de Conservação, Mapa Socioeconômico, Mapa Logístico, Mapa de potencial para a maricultura. Na elaboração do Banco de Dados Geográficos, foram considerados critérios ambientais, socioeconômicos e logísticos. Como resultado, obteve-se áreas propícias para o cultivo da ostra que apresentam boa qualidade de água, que ainda não são exploradas pela atividade e que podem vir a ser.

Most traditional fish stocks is declining as a result of the expansion of human activities in the coastal zone, providing other forms of food production and generation of income, such as mariculture. In this scenario, the development of management tools for coastal zone has become necessary, since its absence can cause irreparable damage to coastal environments and aquatic life. GIS techniques have been widely used in various economic and governmental activities, providing adequate information for planning and management of projects and territories. When applied consistently, these techniques can contribute to the sustainability of aquaculture area. The aim of this study was to develop an instrument for planning mariculture through the use of GIS for the cultivation of oysters in the estuarine region of Cananeia. The data obtained through literature searches, current Brazilian legislation, environmental agencies, Nautical chart, restitution of satellite images and field collections were organized into a manager geographic database. These data were then analyzed using geostatistical interpolation, analysis of distance and density analysis, allowing a favorable or ideal definition for areas of cultivation of oyster Crassostrea brasiliana. After this procedure the following maps were drawn: map of environmental navigation routes, map of conflicting uses,map of conflicts with the interests of the conservation units, social economic map, logistic map, map of potential form ariculture. In preparing Geographical Database, the environmental, socialeconomic and logistic were taken into consideration. The study pointed out areas conductive to the cultivation with good quality of water, which are not yet exploredby the activities that can be used for mariculture.This work developed a structure of geographic database, which will be available to decision makers and shellfishermen in the region, which may be updated when new data become available.

Geoprocessamento aplicado na carcinicultura marinha em São José do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Considerando o rápido desenvolvimento das atividades relacionadas a aquicultura no mundo, é cada vez mais necessário o uso de métodos visando à seleção de locais potenciais para o seu desenvolvimento. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo definir áreas propícias para o desenvolvimento da carcinicultura marinha em viveiros escavados, na região do baixo estuário da Laguna dos Patos, sul do Brasil. Utilizou-se imagem do satélite Landsat 7 ETM+, órbita-ponto 221-082 de 24/10/2001, com combinação das bandas 1, 2 e 3. A análise espacial foi realizada com o software Idrisi Andes edition® (ver. 15.01 - Clark University). As áreas foram selecionadas a partir da exclusão de áreas legalmente protegidas, seguido de análise multicriterial de atratividade considerando, por exemplo, o custo de oportunidade e a distância de infraestruturas, dentre outros. Como resultado, as áreas consideradas mais atrativas perfazem um total de 5.300 hectares (16,84%), enquanto 14.600 hectares (46,78%) possuem condições consideradas boas. Salienta-se que as áreas consideradas com potencial alto possibilitam um menor investimento na construção dos viveiros.

Considering the rapidly developing aquaculture in the world, is increasingly necessary to use methods aimed at the selection of potential sites for a variety of aquaculture activities Thus, the present study in order to define areas suitable for the development of marine shrimp earth ponds culture in the lower estuary of the Patos Lagoon, southern Brazil. We used Landsat 7 image ETM+ satellite, 221-082 point-orbit of 24/10/2001, with the combination of bands 1, 2 and 3. Spatial analysis was performed with the software Idrisi Andes Edition® (ver. 15.01-Clark University). The areas were selected from the exclusion of legally protected areas, followed by attractiveness multicriteria analysis, considering for example the opportunity cost and distance from infrastructure, among others. As a result, a total of 5,300 hectares (16.84%) were considered most attractive, while 14,600 hectares (46.78%) are considered in good conditions. Thus, it should be noted that the areas considered enabling a high potential and smaller investment in the construction of farms (hours/machine).

Gestão Ambiental Portuária: fragilidades, desafios e potencialidades no porto do Rio Grande, RS, Brasil

Estabelecida tardiamente em comparação ao cenário internacional, a gestão ambiental portuária no Brasil ocorre principalmente com base nos processos de licenciamento ambiental. As condicionantes destes processos licenciatórios refletem o quanto a gestão não está embasada no planejamento ambiental, mas na mitigação de impactos já existentes. Além disso, a gestão ambiental ocorre de forma fragmentada e descompassada com o desenvolvimento portuário, sendo necessárias políticas nacionais que permitam articular os processos produtivos portuários com sustentabilidade ambiental. Este artigo descreve os resultados de um diagnóstico detalhado dos processos de gestão e planejamento ambiental do Porto do Rio Grande, RS - Brasil, enquanto elemento representativo do subsetor portuário brasileiro, cujo modelo de gestão ambiental ainda é fragmentado e de implementação incipiente. Este trabalho reflete a experiência da primeira autora no âmbito da Divisão de Meio Ambiente, Saúde e Segurança do Trabalho no Porto do Rio Grande (DMASS). Ele foi desenvolvido com base em uma metodologia de pesquisa qualitativa que se utilizou de sistematização documental e entrevistas estruturadas com os principais atores envolvidos nas ações de gestão e planejamento ambiental portuário em âmbito nacional e local. Como ferramentas metodológicas, as vivências institucionais na DMASS demonstraram-se positivas para a realização de uma avaliação qualitativa crítica dos processos de gestão ambiental portuária. As entrevistas, por sua vez, permitiram um maior embasamento sobre temas de políticas públicas ambientais e governança dentro da conjuntura portuária, tornando-se peça chave para corroborar com as informações levantadas ao longo da pesquisa. Por fim, com base nesta análise, o trabalho relata as fragilidades, desafios e potencialidades da gestão ambiental portuária no Porto do Rio Grande, que permitem dar suporte às tomadas de decisão em nível local e, concomitantemente, contribuir para melhorias dos processos de gestão ambiental nos demais portos brasileiros.

Lately established when compared to the international scenario, the port environmental management in Brazil is mainly based on the processes of environmental licensing. The conditions of these license processes reflect how management is not related to environmental planning, but instead in mitigating existing impacts. In addition, environmental management occurs in a fragmented way and not in phase with port development, arising the need of national policies that allow connections between port processes with environmental sustainability. This article describes the results of a detailed diagnosis of the processes of environmental planning and management of the Port of Rio Grande, RS - Brazil, as a representative of the Brazilian port subsector, whose model of environmental management is still fragmented and barely implemented. The work also reflects the experience of the first author who acted for some time under the Division of Environment, Health and Safety in the Port of Rio Grande (DMASS). It was developed based on a qualitative research methodology applied to document analyses and semi-structured interviews with key actors involved in the actions of port planning and management environmental at national and local levels. The institutional experiences at DMASS was shown as a positive methodological tool for conducting the qualitative assessment of the critical processes related to port environmental management. The interviews, in turn, permitted a better basis on issues of public policy and environmental governance within the port environment, becoming a key part to corroborate the information gathered during the research. Finally, based on this analysis, the paper describes the weaknesses, challenges and potential of port environmental management at the Port of Rio Grande, which can allow support to decision-making at the local level and, at the same time, to contribute to the improvements of environmental management processes in other Brazilian ports.

Dinâmica de uso da terra e alterações na linha de costa lagunar: estudo em uma Colônia de Pescadores de Pelotas, RS, Brasil

As zonas costeiras marítimas e lagunares estão submetidas a um intenso processo de ocupação espacial que precisa ser compreendido e monitorado para subsidiar planos de gestão costeira. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de analisar as alterações na linha de costa lagunar da Colônia de Pescadores Z3 - Município de Pelotas, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, decorrentes da dinâmica da cobertura e uso da terra ao longo de um período de 57 anos (1953 e 2010). Para a operacionalização do trabalho foram elaborados mapas da cobertura e uso da terra e morfohidrográficos dos cenários de 1953 e 2010 e um mapa comparativo da linha de costa. Trabalhos de campo foram realizados a fim de compreender as alterações verificadas nos mapeamentos. A partir da análise e interpretação dos resultados pode-se concluir que as alterações ocorridas no segmento da Laguna dos Patos, onde está inserida a Colônia Z3, estão diretamente relacionadas ao processo de urbanização e à atividade econômica da pesca, abrangendo: (1) a retilinização e transposição de cursos de água; (2) o aterramento de segmentos da laguna para a construção de estradas e a destinação de lotes para habitações e (3) a criação de atracadouros para os barcos de pesca. Estas intervenções alteraram significativamente as características da linha de costa da Colônia Z3 e tiveram reflexos em sua morfodinâmica. Tal situação está em desacordo com a Constituição Federal Brasileira, que estabelece que a Zona Costeira é um patrimônio nacional, e sua utilização deverá ocorrer na forma da lei, dentro de condições que assegurem a preservação do meio ambiente, inclusive quanto ao uso dos recursos naturais.

The formation of these lagoon bodies started in the Tertiary period, with the first cycles of sea advances and retreats resulting from glaciations, which rework on the sediments of the continental shelf leading to the formation of sandy barriers which isolated the flooded continental area, forming a new coastline with the predominance of fluvio-lacustrine morphodynamics. The lagoon coastal zones, as well as the sea ones, are submitted to an intense process of spatial occupation and the environmental changes complied to land use dynamics need to be understood and monitored to subsidize plans of coastal management. Taking this into consideration, this work was developed with the purpose of analyzing the changes in lacustrine shoreline of Z3 Fishing Village Z3 - City of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, deriving from land use/cover dynamics during a period of 57 years, between the years of 1953 and 2010. The concept of land cover and land use adopted in this research is based on the definitions used by IBGE (2006; 2013b) which defines land cover as the elements of the nature: vegetation, water, ice, bare rocks, sand and similar surfaces, while land use is related to the group of social-economic activities. For the implementation of the work, land use/cover and morphohydrographic maps were elaborated for the scenarios of 1953 and 2010 and a comparative map of the lacustrine shoreline, starting from the data of the two scenarios was developed. The cartographic documents of the scenario of 1953 were organized based on the interpretation of tridimensional digital anagliphs obtained from panchromatic aerial photographs with approximate scale of 1:40.000. The 2010 scenario maps were elaborated based on the screen interpretation of a satellite image from the sensor AVNIR-2 (ALOS system) with 10 meters of spatial resolution. The geo-referencing, interpretation and vectorization of the angliphs information and the satellite image were carried out in the software ArcGis 10.0 environment, where the lacustrine shoreline comparative map was also elaborated, from the overlapping of the lagoon coastlines in the two analyzed periods. Finally, field works were carried out in order to enable the understanding of the changes found in the mappings. The lacustrine environment where the Z3 Fishing Village is located presents peculiar characteristics resulting from a process of spatial occupation, among which stand out the straightness of the watercourses, the grounding of lagoon segments for the construction of roads and lots for housing, besides the implementation of small ports for fishing boats. These interventions changed the Z3 Village shoreline characteristics significantly, modifying its morphodynamics. The data obtained through land use/cover maps from 1953 and 2010 corroborated for the understanding of such changes in the coastline, highlighting as positive the maintenance of forest areas which act as barrier to contain erosion in coastal environments as well as it keeps the pedogenetic characteristics. Another highlight is the growth or the urban area which occurred in an unbalanced way on the components of the physical-environmental system. The changes that took place in the hydrography of the Fishing Village were also intense, as the straightness and the grounding of drainage canals changed the characteristics of water drain in the area, increasing the the swamp areas, which ended overlapping other land covers thus changing the area vegetal composition. From the analysis and interpretation of the results, it can be concluded that the changes which occurred in the Patos Lagoon segment, where the Z3 Village is located, were intense and directly related to the process of urbanization and the fishing economic activity. As most sea or lagoon coastal environments, there was no adequate planning for the spatial occupation in the Z3 Village. Such situation is in disagreement with the Brazilian Federal Constitution which establishes that the Coastal Zone is a national heritage and its usage should occur according to the Law, under the conditions which assure the preservation of the environment including the usage of natural resources.

Análise do grau de artificialização: estudo de caso das Praias Brava, Itajaí (Santa Catarina, Brasil) e Brava, Punta del Este (Maldonado, Uruguai)

As crescentes pressão e confluência da população humana nas zonas costeiras acarretam um processo contínuo e cada vez mais frequente de artificialização de áreas anteriormente naturais. Tal processo, quando associado a um planejamento e ordenamento deficiente ou ausente, ocasiona problemas como a degradação de ecossistemas e a saturação de infraestruturas urbanas. Nesse sentido, seu diagnóstico e sua análise se tornam indispensáveis para estabelecer áreas prioritárias para iniciativas de gestão costeira. A artificialização territorial surge como um dos resultados da concentração humana na costa e é entendida como a antropização dos espaços naturais. O grau de artificialização é, portanto, um indicador da influência do homem na transformação dos espaços naturais a artificiais. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo determinar o grau de artificialização das praias Brava de Itajaí (Santa Catarina, Brasil) e Brava de Punta del Este (Maldonado, Uruguai) e estabelecer relação entre este e o estágio de desenvolvimento no qual se encontram, a fim de subvencionar informação de caráter técnico para os processos de tomada de decisão. Para tal, imagens do satélite QuickBird para as praias mencionadas, georreferenciadas e disponíveis online como mapa base do software ArcGis® 10, foram adquiridas e tratadas, sobre as quais mapas de uso e cobertura do solo e de grau de artificialização foram elaborados. Dentro do grau de artificialização, as classes natural, médio e alto foram discriminadas, com valores de 41,8%, 41,7% e 16,5% para a praia brasileira, e 43,6%, 44,8% e 11,6% para a praia uruguaia. Os dados obtidos, cruzados com a revisão bibliográfica, demonstraram que as praias se classificam em estágio intermediário (Itajaí) e principal (Punta del Este) de desenvolvimento, ainda que possuam valores similares de artificialização. Como indicadores dos estágios, destaca-se que, para a primeira praia, algumas das maiores manchas de uso e cobertura são aquelas referentes a áreas de construção, enquanto que, para a segunda, essas manchas são alusivas às residências multifamiliares. Diferentes dinâmicas no histórico de ocupação e no desenvolvimento atual são, portanto, percebidas. Ademais, conclui-se que ambas as praias apresentam uma maior percentagem de cobertura do solo referente à soma de médio e alto graus de artificialização frente a espaços naturais, demonstrando uma antropização do espaço costeiro, que vem associada ao desenvolvimento do turismo de sol e praia.

The growing pressure and confluence of the human population on the coastal zones induce a continuous and increasingly process of artificialization in previously natural areas. The artificialization, when associated with a deficient or absent littoral planning, causes problems as ecosystems degradation and urban infrastructures saturation. In this sense, the diagnostic and analysis of the artificialization degree become imminent to establish priority areas for coastal management initiatives. The territorial artificialization arises as one of the results of the human concentration on the coast and it is understood as an anthropization of natural areas, being the anthropization the process of transformation that the human exert over that environment. Therefore, the artificialization degree is an indicator of the human influence in the transformation of natural spaces into artificial ones. The present work aims to determine the artificialization degree of the Brava beach of Itajaí (Santa Catarina, Brazil) and the Brava beach of Punta del Este (Maldonado, Uruguay), and establish a relationship between the degree of artificialization and the development stage referred to each one of those, to subsidize technical information for the decision making processes. Both beaches are important touristic destinations, localized at two proeminent South American centers, in the civil construction market as well as the real state speculation. To this end, Quickbird satellite images of both mentioned beaches, in a 1:2000 scale, georeferenced and available as a basemap in the software ArcGis® 10, were obtained and treated, above which it land use and cover, and artificialization maps were elaborated for a 300m coastal strip. The land use and cover were determined according to the methodological approach of the EEA (2000), which establishes 6 main groups: natural space; semi natural space; residential areas; infrastructure, equipments and commercial areas; mines, dumps sites and, construction areas; and agricultural and forestry areas, subdivided in 44 classes. In the other hand, the artificialization degree was calculated (qualitatively) with the application of the Delphi model, which obtains the consensus of a group of specialists that, in this case, responded to a series of questionnaires related to this investigation field in Lacasa (2009). This group selected growing values (0 as natural, 4 as high) for different classes of artificialization, according to the types of land use and cover. Also, a bibliographical research together with an empirical knowledge of both zones were important to the analysis, especially to the establishment of the development stages for each case of study. This establishment was based on a classification developed by Horn Filho (2006). For the artificialization degree, the natural, medium and high artificialization classes were discriminated, with values of 41,8%, 41,7% and 16,5% for the Brazilian beach; and 43,6%, 44,8% and 11,6%, for the Uruguayan beach. It was concluded that both beaches presented a higher percentage of medium and high degrees of artificialization compared to the natural degree, demonstrating an anthropization of the coastal area, that is associated with the sun and beach tourism development. Especially when considering that the natural space class is intrinsically related with the sand strip, possibly preserved because of the limitation caused by the former construction of the coastal avenue. The obtained data, intersected with bibliographical research, demonstrated that the studied beaches are classified as intermediate (Itajaí) and main (Punta del Este) stages, although presented similar values of artificialization. As stages indicators, it is worth to stand out that, in the first beach, the intensification of its urban development is relatively new and one of the biggest use and occupation spots are those referred to the construction areas while, for the second, these spots are allusive to multifamily residences. Different dynamics in the occupation historial and in the actual development are, therefore, observed, making the intersection of the artificialization and the development stages analysis, a recommendable process. . The maps are an important tool to make easier the comprehension of the data in both cases of study, being a useful way to lead the information for the population and the decision makers.

Avaliação da atividade pesqueira numa comunidade de pescadores artesanais no Espírito Santo, Brasil

No estado do Espírito Santo, a pesca assume importante papel socioeconômico na ocupação de mão-de-obra, geração de renda e oferta de alimentos para a população, especialmente para as pequenas comunidades do meio rural. Porém, ao analisarmos o estado da atividade, encontramos uma falta de gestão apropriada, monitoramento dos estoques ineficiente e baixo desenvolvimento tecnológico e da infraestrutura. Este estudo foi realizado na comunidade pesqueira de Pedra DÁgua, objetivando analisar a dinâmica pesqueira e sua cadeia produtiva. Para tanto, foi necessário identificar as características das atividades pesqueiras, analisar stakeholders, elaborar mapas das áreas de pesca e, por fim, identificar as zonas de influência da pesca e elaboração da matriz SWOT. Dessa forma, este estudo produziu informações características da comunidade pesqueira de Pedra DÁgua que podem ser de interesse dos órgãos governamentais e de entidades ligadas ao setor, para traçar futuras ações políticas de incentivo e desenvolvimento social e da atividade.

The fishing industry in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, assumes an important socioeconomic role. In this context, the community of Pedra D'Água, municipality of São Mateus, presents itself with high degree of dependence (income and supply) regarding production and marketing from artisanal fishing. The aim of this work is to analyze the current development of the activity, namely fishing dynamics and local production chain. It was necessary for both to identify the characteristics of the fishing activities, stakeholders, draw up maps of fishing areas and a SWOT matrix analysis. Community members of this value chain of Pedra D'Água needed better management structures and fishing activities support together with the extension of niches that are not yet explored (such as the cultivation of sea bass). In the analysis of scenarios was found that the practices of planning and control are ineffective ensuring local development (e.g. misuse of natural resources, predatory fishing and the absence of adequate marketing practices and unstructured supply chains). The analysis of fishing areas and zones of influence shows that the production chain value of Pedra D'Água has great potential and strengths and that fishermen knowledge must be respected and shared. Therefore, if these positive factors are potentiated, weaknesses minimized, and threats transformed into opportunities, management of the supply chain can become more efficient and competitive in both local and state/regional context.

**Cultivo de Bijupirá (Rachycentron canadum) em Cananeia, SP, Brasil: Avaliação da viabilidade utilizando geoprocessamento**

Os relatórios frequentes da FAO indicam a redução da pesca extrativista e o crescimento da maricultura na última década, como uma alternativa para a produção de alimento e geração de renda. O Bijupirá, Rachycentron canadum, se destacou nos últimos anos,sendo estudado sobre diferentes aspectos com vistas à produção comercial no Brasil. Com o crescimento da maricultura, o desenvolvimento de instrumentos gerenciais para a zona costeira se mostra cada vez mais necessário. Com o estabelecimento de bases sustentáveis para a correta escolha dos locais de instalação de cultivos é possível maximizar a eficiência da maricultura, produzindo o máximo de organismos com o mínimo de custo. Essa viabilidade exige o entendimento da relação entre as exigências fisiológicas do organismo aquático selecionado frente às condições ambientais. Neste trabalho utilizou-se dados obtidos de pesquisas bibliográficas, documentos de agências públicas, restituição de imagens de satélite e coletas de campo organizados em um gerenciador de banco de dados geográficos. Os dados foram analisados utilizando geoestatística, interpolação, análise de distância e de densidade para definir prováveis áreas ideais para o cultivo de Bijupirá na região estuarina e costeira de Cananéia. Como resultado obteve-se a indição de áreas propícias ao cultivo de Bijupirá na região de estudo considerando variáveis ambientais, socioeconômicas e logísticas. Demonstrou-se que a ferramenta Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG) é capaz de contribuir de forma efetiva, facilitando a tomada de decisão, por parte de interessados na maricultura e por gestores licenciadores e fiscalizadores.

Cultivation of cobia (Rachycentron canadum) in Cananeia, SP, Brazil. Feasibility assessment using GIS The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) frequently publishes reports about world fisheries production. These reports state wild fish stocks increasingly depleted and mariculture production growth in the past decade. The mariculture emerged then as an alternative to food production and generating income. Cobia, Rachycentron canadum, has been highlighted in recent years and is being studied in different aspects aiming its commercial production in Brazil. As mariculture has expanded, the development of management instruments for coastal zone is shown increasingly necessary. As establishing a sustainable basis to select the proper location to install fish farming it is possible to maximize the efficiency mariculture, producing raising the maximum number of organisms with minimal costs. This viability occurred through the understanding of the relationship between the physiological requirement of the aquatic organism selected and the environmental conditions. Data were obtained through literature searches, documents from government agencies, restitution of satellite images and field sampling organized in a manager geodatabase and analyzed using geostatistical interpolation, distance and density analysis to define ideal areas of Cananéia´s estuary and coastal zone to cultivate Cobia. The current work indicates areas suitable for growing Cobia in the studied region considering environmental, socioeconomics and logistics variables. The Geographic Information System (GIS) has shown itself capable of contributing effectively, facilitating potential shell fishermen and manager decision making.