Motricidade

Movement velocity vs. strength training

**Adaptação Humana ao Stress em Contextos Desportivos: Teoria, Avaliação, Investigação e Intervenção**

Hipotensão e variabilidade da frequência cardíaca pós-exercício de força executado de forma máxima e submáxima

O objetivo do presente estudo foi observar as respostas da pressão arterial e da modulação autonômica cardíaca depois da execução do exercício de força de forma máxima e submáxima. Três grupos foram formados, um que realizou o exercício de forma máxima (idade: 20.5 ± 0.6 anos, massa corporal: 63.7 ± 14.8 quilos, estatura: 1.70 ± 0.10 metro, índice de massa corporal: 22.8 ± 4.5 quilograma por metro quadrado [kg/m²]), outro de forma submáxima (idade: 25 ± 4.1 anos, massa corporal: 69.1 ± 12.8 quilos, estatura: 1.80 ± 0.10 metro, índice de massa corporal: 22.2 ± 1.7 kg/m²) e ainda, um controle (idade: 23.7 ± 3.8 anos, massa corporal: 64.2 ± 15 quilos, estatura: 1.70 ± 0.10 metro, índice de massa corporal: 21.8 ± 1.9 kg/m²). A pressão arterial e os intervalos R-R da freqüência cardíaca foram registrados antes do exercício e durante uma hora com cortes de dez minutos após o exercício. A análise de variância não ilustrou diferenças significativas entre os protocolos experimentais para pressão arterial (p > 0.05), porém o tamanho do efeito foi capaz de mostrar que o treino mais intenso provocou redução na pressão arterial sistólica em mais momentos. Em relação à resposta autonômica cardíaca, o grupo que se exercitou de forma submáxima exibiu um aumento significativo na razão LF/HF (p = 0,022) no momento 20 minutos pós-esforço. O protocolo mais intenso provocou reduções na pressão arterial em mais momentos, e foi mais seguro em relação à modulação autonômica cardíaca, visto que não provocou aumento na atividade simpática durante a recuperação.

The aim of the study was verified the blood pressure responses and the cardiac autonomic modulation after the strength exercise in two different conditions (maximal and submaximal). The subjects were divided in three groups, such as: maximal repetitions (age: 20.5 ± 0.6 years, weight: 63.7 ± 14.8, height: 1.7 ± 0.1, body mass index: 22.8 ± 4.5 Kilogram per square meter (kg/m²)), submaximal repetitions (age: 25 ± 4.1 years, weight: 69.1 ± 12.8, height: 1.8 ± 0.1, body mass index: 22.2 ± 1.7 (kg/m²)) and a control group (age: 23.7 ± 3.8 years, weight: 64.2 ± 15, height: 1.7 ± 0.1, body mass index: 21.8 ± 1.9 (kg/m²)). The blood pressure and the Heart Rate R-R intervals were measured before and during one hour after the session, with 10-minutes intervals length between measurements. The analyze of variance did not showed significant differences between experimental protocols to blood pressure (p > 0.05). However, the effect size was able to show that the most intense training caused a reduction in systolic blood pressure at times. Regarding cardiac autonomic response, the group that exercised the submaximal form exhibited a significant increase in LF / HF (p = 0.022) when 20 minutes post-exercise. There was a not significant difference in cardiac autonomic modulation between protocols. The high intensity protocol has caused blood pressure reductions in more moments and it was over safer in relation to cardiac autonomic modulation, since it did not cause increased sympathetic activity during recovery.

Acute effect of a fight of Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) on the serum concentrations of testosterone, cortisol, creatine kinase, lactate, and glucose

The aim of this study was to analyse the serum concentrations of testosterone (T), cortisol (C), lactate (LAC), creatine kinase (CK) and glucose (GLU) on mixed martial arts (MMA) athletes, before and after a fight. We divided 20 MMA athletes into two groups of 10 fighters each, according to the result of a fight, and were then evaluated four times: 24 hours before (-24h), one hour before (-1h), immediately after (0h) and 24 hours after the fight (+24h). It was observed: a significant decrease in T and T/C between moment -24h and 0h and a subsequent increase between the moment 0h and +24h and a reverse behaviour in variables C, LAC and GLU (p<0.0001); a decrease in CK between moment -24h and -1h and an increase between moment -1h and +24h (p<0.0001); and differences between winners and losers T levels, in moments -24h, -1h, 0h and +24h (p = 0.009 e p < 0.001, p = 0.005 e p = 0,001, T and C, respectively), in T/C in the moments -24h and 0h (p=0.006 and p=0.001, respectively) and in GLU levels (p<0.0001) in the moment 0h. Therefore, it seems that an MMA fight leads to metabolic stress and muscle damage, regardless of the result of the fight. The coaches have now more biochemical and hormonal references and indicators in response to an MMA fight.

Avaliação das características antropométricas e capacidades físicas ao longo de uma época desportiva em futebol: comparação entre sub-15, sub-17 esub-19

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a evolução das características antropométricas e capacidades físicas, ao longo de uma época desportiva, em jovens jogadores de futebol. Um total de 50 jogadores sub-15 (n= 16, 14.0±0.1 anos), sub-17 (n= 14, 15.6±0.5 anos) e sub-19 (n= 20, 17.2±0.7 anos) foram controlados em 3 momentos de avaliação: após o período de preparação geral (pré-época), após a 1ª fase competitiva (meio-época) e após a 2ª fase competitiva (pós-época). Para a análise antropométrica foi medida a altura, massa corporal, massa muscular, massa gorda e perímetros corporais. Para a análise das capacidades físicas foram avaliadas a resistência aeróbia, o trabalho dos membros inferiores durante o salto vertical, a potência dos membros inferiores na corrida, a agilidade e a flexibilidade. Verificou-se uma estabilização da percentagem de massa gorda ao longo da época, associada a um aumento da massa corporal explicado pelo aumento da massa muscular. De um modo geral, independentemente do escalão, houve melhoria das capacidades físicas entre a pré-época e o meio-época, existindo uma estagnação dessas capacidades até ao pós-época. A caracterização das variações existentes ao longo da época desportiva, de acordo com o quadro competitivo e as suas idades de desenvolvimento, poderão contribuir como uma ferramenta de auxílio para o controlo e a avaliação do processo de treino.

The aim of this study was to examine the development of anthropometric characteristics and physical capacities in a sports season, in young soccer players. A total of 50 players, U-15 (n= 16, 14.0±0.1 years), U-17 (n= 14, 15.6±0.5 years) and U-19 (n= 20, 17.2±0.7 years) were monitored in 3 different moments: after the preparation period (pre-season), after the 1st competitive phase (mid-season) and after the 2nd competitive phase (post-season). To the anthropometric analysis, the height, body mass, muscle mass, fat mass and body girths were evaluated. The aerobic resistance, the work developed by the lower limbs during a vertical jump, the power of the lower limbs during a sprint, the agility and the flexibility were evaluated for the physical capacity analysis. Along the season, there was an increase in body mass and a stabilization of the fat mass due to an increase of the muscle mass. In general, regardless the age group, physical abilities improved from pre-season to mid-season, and then stabilized till the post-season. Understanding the variations through a season, according to the competitive environment and their developmental age, may be a useful tool for control and evaluation of the training process.

Development and preliminary research on the measure properties of a perceptual and motor demands assessment protocol for virtual reality systems

The virtual reality has been frequently required in rehabilitation settings. However, it still lacks specificity, making it necessary to establish specific criteria to classify the most relevant aspects of electronic games to allow interventions based on virtual reality. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop a Perceptual and motor demands assessment protocol for virtual reality systems and to investigate its content validity and intra and inter observer agreement. The protocol was created through a literature review including classical studies as well as a review of recent articles about motor behavior, physical training, cognitive neuroscience and virtual reality. The previous versions were presented in study group meetings and congresses, and modified accordingly to suggestions of experts. Three examiners used the final version to analyze twice the total of 20 videos of individuals in a virtual environment and answered a questionnaire about its content validity. Most of the obtained values were classified as good (concordance from 80% to 89%) or excellent (concordance from 90% to 100%) by the three examiners and the protocols content validity was adequate. The protocol is valid, applicable and practical for analyzing different requirements of electronic games in a virtual environment.

Validation of the Goal Content for Exercise Questionnaire (GCEQ) for a sample of elderly Portuguese people

According Sebire, Standage and Vansteenkiste (2008), goals contents (motives) are the major drivers of behavior, giving rise to the goal content theory, which is in the basis of Goal Content for Exercise Questionnaire (GCEQ: Sebire et al., 2008) development. So, the main goal of present study was to conduct the validation of GCEQ for a sample of Portuguese elderly (n = 311), with equal or higher ages than 60 years old (M = 68.53; DP = 6.69). The main results show us that CGEQ measurement model (5 factors, 20 items) only present adequate fit to data after the elimination of 3 items: S-Bχ²=219.9, df=109, p=.001, SRMR=.049, TLI=.916, CFI=.934, RMSEA=.057, RMSEA 90% CI=.046-.068, PCFI=.747). Besides that, the 5 factors show us acceptable values of composite reliability: between .76 and .88. Those findings allow us to conclude that GCEQ with 5 factors and 17 items can be used to measure goal content in a population of elderly Portuguese people in physical activity domain.

Correlation between maximum isometric strength variables and specific performance of Brazilian military judokas

It was our objective to correlate specific performance in the Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT) and the maximum isometric handgrip (HGSMax), scapular traction (STSMax) and lumbar traction (LTSMax) strength tests in military judo athletes. Twenty-two military athletes from the judo team of the Brazilian Navy Almirante Alexandrino Instruction Centre, with average age of 26.14 ± 3.31 years old, and average body mass of 83.23 ± 14.14 kg participated in the study. Electronic dynamometry tests for HGSMax, STSMax and LTSMax were conducted. Then, after approximately 1 hour-interval, the SJFT protocol was applied. All variables were adjusted to the body mass of the athletes. Pearson correlation coefficient for statistical analysis was used. The results showed moderate negative correlation between the SJFT index and STSMax (r= -0.550, p= 0.008), strong negative correlations between the SJFT index and HGSMax (r= -0.706, p< 0.001), SJFT index and LTSMax (r= -0.721; p= 0.001), besides the correlation between the sum of the three maximum isometric strength tests and the SJFT index (r= -0.786, p< 0.001). This study concludes that negative correlations occur between the SJFT index and maximum isometric handgrip, shoulder and lumbar traction strength and the sum of the three maximum isometric strength tests in military judokas.

O corpo na Performance Musical: Perceções, Saberes e Convicções

O estudo que se apresenta inscreve-se no processo de reflexão sobre a relação, relevância e intervenção do corpo na performance musical. Considerando que todo o processo performativo exige e reclama uma participação unificada do instrumento, mente e do corpo, revela-se a necessidade de aprofundar a reflexão acerca dos percepções, saberes e convicções do corpo docente, discente e profissional da área da música. Dada a acção de complementaridade existente entre a dimensão corporal e performativa é fundamental considerar a qualidade que essa relação assume nos processos de aprendizagem. Face aos objetivos do estudo, optámos, assim, por uma concepção metodológica que possibilita uma articulação de abordagens qualitativas e quantitativas, fundamentais para compreender, descrever e interpretar as diferentes representações/percepções dos participantes. Deste modo, foi utilizado como instrumento de recolha de dados a inquirição por questionário (Questionário I e II), dirigido ao corpo docente e discente da área da música da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro e investigadores da Associação Brasileira de Performance Musical. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam que a coordenação diferenciada e os movimentos corporais assumem condição essencial para o músico e respetiva performance.

The present study is part of a process of reflection on the relation, relevance and intervention of the body in the musical performance. Considering that the entire performative process demands a unified participation of the instrument, mind and body, it is necessary to deepen the reflection about the perceptions, knowledge and convictions of the faculty, student and professional in the field of music. Given the complementarity between body and performative dimension, it is fundamental to consider the quality that this relationship assumes in the learning processes. Given the objectives of the study, we opted for a methodological conception that allows the articulation of qualitative and quantitative approaches, fundamental to understand, describe and interpret the different representations / perceptions of the participants. In this way, the questionnaire survey (Questionnaire I and II) was directed to the faculty and students of the area of music of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and researchers of the Brazilian Association of Musical Performance. The obtained results show that the differentiated coordination and the body movements assume an essential condition for the musician and his performance.

Imunometabolismo e Exercício Físico: Uma nova fronteira do conhecimento

Sistema imunológico e metabolismo celular interagem constantemente por meio de proteínas imuno-moduladoras, denominadas citocinas, a fim de manter a dinâmica e a comunicação entre os sistemas sendo, na atualidade, amplamente difundido nas diversas áreas do conhecimento, principalmente no campo da saúde, como Imunometabolismo. As principais doenças do século 21 caracterizam-se por apresentar processos inflamatórios bem definidos os quais favorecem o agravamento da doença e a instalação de co-morbidades associadas à alteração metabólica. Em linhas gerais, a resposta inflamatória está associada a dieta inadequada e sedentarismo, alterando a dinâmica metabólica entre citocinas, ácidos graxos e endotoxina e ativando, assim, fatores de transcrição gênica, como o NF-kB. Por outro lado, a prática regular de exercício físico é amplamente recomendada como potente ferramenta na prevenção e tratamento de distúrbios metabólicos em virtude de seu poder anti-inflamatório e anti-aterogênico por meio da produção de miocinas advindas do músculo-esquelético e com atuação anti-inflamatória, como a IL-6, provenientes dos estímulos gerados pela contração muscular, e ativação de proteínas e fatores de transcrição gênica, como o PPAR. Desta forma, o objetivo da presente revisão é contextualizar e difundir os principais conceitos de uma emergente área do conhecimento, o Imunometabolismo, caracterizando sua função e atuação nos campos da doença e da saúde por meio da prática do exercício físico.

Immune system and cell metabolism have been interacted constantly, by synthesis and release of immunomodulatory proteins, recognized as cytokines, in order to maintain the body homeostasis. The crosstalk between systems has been widely spread in several areas of knowledge, mainly in the health field, as Immunometabolism. Diseases of the 21st century, which affect world populations, are characterized by inflammatory processes favoring the worsening of the illness itself and the installation of other co-morbidities. In general, the inflammatory response is associated with poor diet and physical inactivity, which modify the metabolic dynamics among cytokines, fatty acids and endotoxin culminating in reaction cascades, activating gene transcription factors, such as NF-kB. Furthermore, regular physical exercise is widely recommended as a powerful tool at the prevention and treatment of several metabolic diseases in virtue of anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic capacity, through anti-inflammatory myokine production, such as IL-6, from the stimuli generated by muscle contraction and proteins and gene transcription factors activation, as PPAR, which increase the anti-inflammatory response. Thus, the purpose of this review is to contextualize and disseminate knowledge about an emerging area, the Immunometabolism, featuring its function and performance in the illness and health fields by physical exercise.